Chronic low back pain and sick-leave: a functional magnetic resonance study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) represents a problem in the occupational environment, often associated with disability, sick-leave demands, loss of productivity, anxiety, depression and high socioeconomic cost. The emergence of functional neuroimaging allowed new insights into brain structure and physiology in normality and chronic pain. While occupational related aspects are recognized as important risk factors for chronicity there have not been thus far evaluated by fMRI experiments. The overall objective of this study is to compare the neuronal correlates between groups of individuals CLBP with or without sick-leave demands. METHODS: A total of 74 individuals were divided into three groups: chronic low back pain with sick-leave demands [CLBP_L]; chronic low back pain without sick-leave demands [CLBP_NL]; individuals without pain or sick-leave demands [Control]. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain function during moderate acute pain stimulation task (thumb controlled pressure). RESULTS: After acute painful stimulation, a higher brain response was found in the anterior cingulate and superior and medium frontal gyrus was observed in CLBP_NL vs. CLBP_L (p <  0,001) and increased brain response in the frontal pole and paracingulate region in control vs. CLBP_L (p <  0.001) during acute pain stimulation. CONCLUSION: The modulation of acute pain participates in the mechanism propagating chronic pain perception. The lower activation in the superior frontal gyrus observed in the CLBP_L group compared to CLBP_NL, reinforces the idea of an already existing activation in this area.

Chronic low back pain and sick-leave: a functional magnetic resonance study

Abstract Background Chronic low back pain (CLBP) represents a problem in the occupational environment, often associated with disability, sick-leave demands, loss of productivity, anxiety, depression and high socioeconomic cost. The emergence of functional neuroimaging allowed new insights into brain structure and physiology in normality and chronic pain. While occupational related aspects are recognized as important risk factors for chronicity there have not been thus far evaluated by fMRI experiments. The overall objective of this study is to compare the neuronal correlates between groups of individuals CLBP with or without sick-leave demands. Methods A total of 74 individuals were divided into three groups: chronic low back pain with sick-leave demands [CLBP_L]; chronic low back pain without sick-leave demands [CLBP_NL]; individuals without pain or sick-leave demands [Control]. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain function during moderate acute pain stimulation task (thumb controlled pressure). Results After acute painful stimulation, a higher brain response was found in the anterior cingulate and superior and medium frontal gyrus was observed in CLBP_NL vs. CLBP_L ( p < 0,001) and increased brain response in the frontal pole and paracingulate region in control vs. CLBP_L ( p < 0.001) during acute pain stimulation. Conclusion The modulation of acute pain participates in the mechanism propagating chronic pain perception. The lower activation in the superior frontal gyrus observed in the CLBP_L group compared to CLBP_NL, reinforces the idea of an already existing activation in this area.(AU)

Functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI) in adolescents with idiopathic musculoskeletal pain: a paradigm of experimental pain.

BACKGROUND: Studies on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that adults with musculoskeletal pain syndromes tolerate smaller amount of pressure (pain) as well as differences in brain activation patterns in areas related to pain.The objective of this study was to evaluate, through fMRI, the brain activation in adolescents with idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (IMP) while performing an experimental paradigm of pain. METHODS: The study included 10 consecutive adolescents with idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (average age 16.3±1.0) and 10 healthy adolescents age-matched. fMRI exams were performed in a 3 T scanner (Magnetom Trio, Siemens) using an event-related design paradigm. Pressure stimuli were performed in the nondominant hand thumb, divided into two stages, fixed pain and variable pain. The two local Research Ethics Committees (Ethics Committee from Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Brazil, process number 0688/11, on July 1st, 2011 and Ethics Committee from Hospital Israelita Albert Einsten - Brazil, process number 1673, on October 19th, 2011) approved the study. RESULTS: The idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (IMP) group showed a reduced threshold for pain (3.7 kg/cm2 versus 4.45 kg/cm2, p = 0.005). Control group presented increased bain activation when compared to IMP group in the following areas: thalamus (p = 0.00001), precentral gyrus (p = 0.0004) and middle frontal gyrus (p = 0.03). In intragroup analysis, IMP group showed greater brain activation during the unpredictable stimuli of the variable pain stage, especially in the lingual gyrus (p = 0.0001), frontal lobe (p = 0.0001), temporal gyrus (p = 0.0001) and precentral gyrus (p = 0.03), when compared to predictable stimulus of fixed pain. The same intragroup analysis with the control group showed greater activation during the unpredictable stimuli in regions of the precentral gyrus (p = 0.0001), subcallosal area (p = 0.0001), right and left occipital fusiform gyrus (p = 0.0001; (p = 0.0007), middle gyrus (p = 0.01) and precuneus p = (0.02). CONCLUSION: Adolescents with idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (IMP) tend to request higher brain function in cognitive-emotional areas when interpreting unpredictable sensory-perceptual situations. Therefore, it is assumed that this difference in pain processing in adolescents with IMP make the subjective experience of pain something more intense and unpleasant.

Implementación y evaluación de un servicio de atención farmacéutica en la unidad de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor en el Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes Cerda / Implementation and evaluation of a pharmaceutical care in palliative care and pain relief unit at Hospital Félix Bulnes Cerda

INTRODUCCIÓN: la atención farmacéutica se define como la provisión responsable e individualizada del tratamiento farmacológico, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, lo que se puede lograr mediante la correcta utilización de los medicamentos, realizando un seguimiento farmacoterapéutico para prevenir o resolver problemas relacionados con medicamentos (PRM). se ha comprobado que la inclusión del químico farmacéutico dentro de los programas de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor han mejorado los resultados obtenidos con la farmacoterapia y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Implementar y evaluar un servicio de atención farmacéutica para pacientes de la uidad de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor en el Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes Cerda. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó en 3 etapas: la primera de forma retrospectiva, se revisaron recetas de mayo a julio de 2015, provenientes de la unidad para obtener un estado situacional. en una segunda etapa se implementó el servicio de atención farmacéutica, basado en el método DADER. en una tercera etapa, se tipificaron las intervenciones totales realizadas y se evaluó tanto la adherencia al tratamiento como la satisfacción del servicio ofrecido a los pacientes y/o cuidadores. RESULTADOS: etapa I de 500 recetas se seleccionaron 244, detectando 165 (67,5%) con posibles PRMs, los cuales se resolvieron en un 35% con 58 intervenciones al equipo médico.etapa II se enrolaron 39 pacientes a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas sucesivas, se detectaron 53 PRMs, los que se resolvieron con 39 intervenciones.finalmente, se evaluó el servicio ofrecido: se tipificaron 111 intervenciones (84 a médico y 27 a paciente), se evaluó adherencia terapéutica mediante test SMAQ, mejorando en un 61,5% entre la evaluación inicial y una posterior (a los 3 meses) y la satisfacción usuaria del servicio con una encuesta obteniendo un 100% de satisfacción.CONCLUSIÓN: la complejidad del dolor y los tratamientos actuales para aliviarlo representan un gran desafío en los actuales equipos de cuidados paliativos. la integración y participación activa del Farmacéutico clínico en el proceso clínico-asistencial permitió garantizar la calidad y seguridad tanto del proceso de dispensación, interviniendo en la selección de la fármaco terapia de acuerdo a parámetros farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos que apunten a la optimización e individualización de la terapia; como además interviniendo al paciente o cuidador, entregando herramientas que logren un uso racional de los medicamento. como resultado de esto, se mejoró la adherencia al tratamiento, se entregó información sobre su correcta administración y también se realizó seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, que permitió prevenir problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM). estos resultados mostraron un alto grado de aceptación, tanto por parte del equipo médico como del paciente, avalando la importancia del farmacéutico.

INTRODUCTION: the pharmaceutical care is defined as responsible pharmacological treatment in order to improve the life quality of a patient. may be achieved using the right drug, and monitoring the side effect to prevent problem with the medical prescription. It has been proved that pharmacist inclusion in the therapy improve the health and welfare of these patients.OBJECTIVES: carry out and evaluate a pharmaceutical care in patient that need to be relieved at Félix Bulnes Hospital.method and equipment: it was realize in three steps, in the first one the prescriptions were audited in a retrospective way from march to july in the year 2015 in this unit to evaluate this period.In the second step: a pharmacological attention service using DADER method in the third step: OBJECTIVES AND METHOD were evaluated and tipified .the treatment progress and the patient satisfaction were also evaluated. RESULTS: from 500 prescription in the step one 244 were selected finding on 165 (67.5%) possibles PRMs .from that number (500) only 35% were solved with the help of medical auditory.In the second step, 39 patient were selected and interviewed finding 53 PRMs, these were solved with 39 interventions. finally, the service were evaluated: 111 intervention were tipified (84 to medical attention and 27 to the patient), therapeutical adherence were evaluated using SMAQ test improving 61,5 comparing the inicial evaluation with a posterior one (three month later). the satisfaction in the attention service using a survey were 100%. CONCLUSION: the pain and nowadays treatments complexity to relieve it are such a big challenge for current palliative care teams. the active integration and participation of clinical pharmacist in the clinical assistance process guarantees quality and security, not only on the dispensation process by intervening the pharmacotherapy selection according to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters that work on optimization and individualization therapy, but also by intervening the patient and assistant, by giving them necessary tools to get a rational drug use. as a result, the adherence to treatment was improved, information about the correct drug use was given and there was also a pharmacotherapy tracing that allowed to avoid any problems related to the drugs themselves. these results showed a higher acceptance degree either for patiens and professionals.

New rehabilitation models for neurologic inpatients in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To describe the effects of a rehabilitation program in a neurological inpatient unit in terms of independence for activities of daily living and return to work. METHOD: Retrospective study with 148 adults with stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury, and Guillain-Barré syndrome admitted as rehabilitation inpatients within a 1-year period for hospitalization at the Instituto de Reabilitação Lucy Montoro, Brazil. According to their diagnostic groups, subjects undergone semi-standardized models of intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation for 4-6 weeks. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Modified Rankin scale (Rankin), and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS Subjects were evaluated at admission, discharge, and 6 months after discharge. RESULTS: Improvement in motor FIM™, Rankin and GOS was observed in all groups. Cognitive FIM increase was less evident in TBI patients. After 6 months, 37.6% of patients were unemployed, 34% underwent outpatient rehabilitation, and 65.2% maintained gains. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the effects from an inpatients rehabilitation model in Brazil. After a short intensive rehabilitation, there were motor and cognitive gains in all groups. Heterogeneity in functional gains suggests more individualized programs may be indicated. Controlled studies are required with larger samples to compare inpatient and outpatient programs.

Brain imaging in fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is a primary brain disorder or a result of peripheral dysfunctions inducing brain alterations, with underlying mechanisms that partially overlap with other painful conditions. Although there are methodologic variations, neuroimaging studies propose neural correlations to clinical findings of abnormal pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Growing evidences of specific differences of brain activations in resting states and pain-evoked conditions confirm clinical hyperalgesia and impaired inhibitory descending systems, and also demonstrate cognitive-affective influences on painful experiences, leading to augmented pain-processing. Functional data of neural activation abnormalities parallel structural findings of gray matter atrophy, alterations of intrinsic connectivity networks, and variations in metabolites levels along multiple pathways. Data from positron-emission tomography, single-photon-emission-computed tomography, blood-oxygen-level-dependent, voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging, default mode network analysis, and spectroscopy enable the understanding of fibromyalgia pathophysiology, and favor the future establishment of more tailored treatments.

Brazilian version of the Functional Assessment Measure: cross-cultural adaptation and reliability evaluation.

The objective of this prospective study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Functional Assessment Measure (FAM) into Brazilian Portuguese, and to assess the test-retest reliability. The instrument was translated, back-translated, pretested, and reviewed by a committee. The Brazilian version was assessed in 61 brain-injury patients. Intrarater and interrater reliability was verified by a test-retest procedure (intraclass correlation). Intrarater reliability was moderate-to-excellent; interrater reliability was moderate-to-excellent, with the exception of one item. The Brazilian version of the FAM has acceptable test-retest reliability. Results suggest the use of the Brazilian version of the FAM in the Brazilian population, for disability evaluation and outcome assessment. Further research is required to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale.

Topical preparations for pain relief: efficacy and patient adherence.

There has been an increasing focus on development of new routes of drug administration to provide tailored treatments for patients, without decreasing efficacy of analgesia, in proportion to the progression of the knowledge of pain mechanisms. While acute pain acts as an alarm, chronic pain is a syndrome requiring meticulous selection of analgesic drugs of high bioavailability for long-term use. Such criteria are challenges that topical medications aim to overcome, allowing progressive delivery of active component, maintaining stable plasma levels, with a good safety profile. This review presents recent findings regarding topical formulations of the most widely used drugs for pain treatment, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and capsaicin, and the role of physical agents as delivery enhancers (phonophoresis and iontophoresis). Although the number of topical agents is limited for use in peripheral conditions, increasing evidence supports the efficacy of these preparations in blocking nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Patient adherence to medical treatment is also a challenge, especially in chronic painful conditions. It is known that reduction of treatment complexity and pill burden are good strategies to increase patient compliance, as discussed here. However, the role of topical presentations, when compared to traditional routes, has not yet been fully explored and thus remains unclear.

Integration of acupuncture for outpatients and inpatients in a general hospital in Brazil.

Acupuncture and related techniques have increasingly been offered in conventional medical settings in Western societies. In Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil, acupuncture has been integrated into the care pathways since October 2005. Since then, medical acupuncture has been offered for both inpatients and outpatients. Acupuncture has become an integrated therapeutic modality both for outpatients in the clinic setting and for inpatients in the wards. It has been observed that acupuncture performed in a hospital differs in specific characteristics when compared with acupuncture performed in an outpatient setting. The main differences found between inpatients and outpatients treatment are summarised and attitudes and cautionary measures to be taken into account during application of acupuncture in inpatients are suggested. Future plans for the service include offering acupuncture in the emergency ward and surgical centre. The description of this experience could encourage other hospitals to develop an acupuncture service.

Efetividade da acupuntura para alívio da dor e ganho funcional em espondilite anquilosante: ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado / Efficacy of acupuncture in pain relief and function improvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial

A espondilite anquilosante (EA) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que acarreta seqüelas osteomusculares, déficit funcional e dor. Apesar do crescente número de pacientes buscando acupuntura como opção terapêutica para analgesia, há poucos trabalhos verificando sua eficácia em ensaios controlados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da acupuntura para alívio da dor espinhal em pacientes com EA. Estudo piloto randomizado duplo-cego, placebo-controlado na Divisão de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Dez portadores de dor espinhal secundária à EA foram estudados para se verificar o efeito de dez sessões de acupuntura clássica, duas vezes por semana, contra eletroacupuntura placebo. A avaliação da intervenção antes e após incluiu medida da dor espinhal, mobilidade espinhal (teste de Schober, distância dedos-chão, distância occipício-parede e expansibilidade torácica), inflamação (BASDAI, proteínas de fase aguda), avaliação subjetiva do paciente e função (BASFI). Acupuntura clássica não foi melhor que placebo nas medidas de saída. Contudo, o Effect Size para alívio da dor foi 2,04 para acupuntura e 1,09 para placebo, ambos considerados comparáveis aos tratamentos padrão para EA. Pelo teste do Sinal, ambas as intervenções mostraram resultado significante. Acupuntura não é melhor que placebo para o alívio da dor em pacientes com EA. A resposta relevante no grupo placebo fornece evidência do efeito benéfico da relação médico-paciente no alívio da dor em pacientes com EA. O estudo está registrado com o número ISRCTN02971192 em http://isrctn.org.

Efeito de um programa de reabilitação multidisciplinar para homens portadores de fibromialgia: estudo aleatorizado controlado / Effects of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for men with fibromyalgia: controlled randomized study

Introdução: A fibromialgia (FM) é uma condição caracterizada por dor crônica generalizada, acompanhada de distúrbios do sono, fadiga e uma miríade de outros sintomas, com prevalência de 10% de homens. As diferenças de percepção de dor entre sexos e de apresentação da fibromialgia têm sido estudadas, suspeitando-se de influências genéticas, diferenças hormonais, metabólicas, cognitivo-comportamentais, emocionais. Fibromiálgicos possuem queixas menos objetivas, menos de distúrbio de sono, fadiga e dor generalizada. Há poucas evidências sobre características, prognóstico, método terapêutico e evolução da doença entre homens. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia de um programa multidisciplinar de reabilitação para pacientes do sexo masculino, em idade produtiva, portadores de fibromialgia e estudar as características desta doença em homens. Método: Vinte e cinco homens com diagnóstico de fibromialgia foram convidados. Dez foram utilizados e alocados aleatoriamente em um dos dois grupos definidos para o presente estudo. O grupo tratamento consistiu em orientação ambulatorial e um programa de reabilitação com duração de 2 meses, realizado por meio de aulas e terapias por: médico fisiatra, assistente social, psicóloga, fisioterapeuta, terapeuta ocupacional, enfermeira, nutricionista e educador físico. O grupo controle realizou tratamento padrão focado na orientação ambulatorial e para realização de atividades físicas na comunidade. A ambos os grupos foi realizado prescrição de medicamentos preconizados para fibromialgia. As medidas de avaliação foram: Escala Visual Analógica de Dor, SF 36, FIQ. Além disso, um protocolo padronizado foi preenchido por autor cegado, verificando presença de distúrbios depressivos de memória e de sono e situação profissional. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em 3 momentos: antes da intervenção, após e 4 meses depois da anterior. Foi realizada a análise estatística com testes não paramétricos e descritivos. Resultados: O grupo Tratamento apresentou melhora da EVA após a intervenção, mas que não se manteve no seguimento posterior. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no domínio Dor da FIQ, domínios Dor, Saúde Mental e Vitalidade da SF 36, com melhora no grupo Tratamento à avaliação após. Não houve manutenção do benefício à avaliação final, 6 meses após a intervenção. As médias de idade foram 50,6 (Controle) e 44,2 (Tratamento), apresentaram alta taxa de afastamento no trabalho, depressão e distúrbio de sono, com valores constantes nas 3 avaliações. O número de pontos dolorosos não variou nos 3 momentos de avaliação. Conclusões: O programa de reabilitação tende a beneficiar homens portadores de fibromialgia a curto prazo, sendo que os efeitos sejam perdidos 6 meses após a intervenção. Tais achados são compatíveis com a literatura. São necessários novos estudos para verificar a efetividade do programa, avaliada por um seguimento mais prolongado e com amostragem adequada. A fibromialgia masculina e suas características específicas devem ser exploradas de modo aprofundado em outras pesquisas, especialmente verificando particularidades de apresentação clínica, comportamento evolutivo e aspectos sociais do paciente portador, já que tais elementos são fundamentais para a definição do programa ideal para homens. Recomendam-se estudos comparativos sobre reabilitação de homens e mulheres.

Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic widespread syndrome associated to sleep disturbances, fatigue and a myriad of other symptoms. Ten percent of patients are males. Gender differences related to pain perception may be explained by influences of genetics, metabolism, cognition, behavior, and emotions. Men with FM have less objective complaints, except for sleep disturbances and widespread pain. There is little evidence on the presentation, outcomes, treatment approach and prognosis of fibromyalgia in men. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for male adults of working age with FM and study FM characteristics in men. Methods: Twenty-five men with FM were enrolled. Ten men with diagnosed FM were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The Treatment group consisted of a 2-month multidisciplinary rehabilitation program that included classes and therapy, administered by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a physiatrist, a social worker, a psychologist, a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a nurse, a nutritionist and a physical educator. The Control group received standard treatment focused on outpatient management and advice to practice physical exercises inside the community. Both groups received standard medical care and medication prescriptions. Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale, SF36, and FIQ; additionally, a standard protocol inquiring about sleep/ depression/ memory disturbances and work status was filled out by a blinded examiner. Outcomes were measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, as well as at 4-month follow-up. Statistical analysis included non-parametric and descriptive tests. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in the Treatment group observed at the Pain domain of FIQ and Pain/ Vitality/ Mental Health domains of SF 36. No improvement was sustained during the follow-up (6 months after treatment). Age averages were 50.6 (controls) and 44.2 (treatment), and a high prevalence of sick leaves, depression and sleep disturbances were observed, with no changes in absolute numbers during the 3 measurements, as well as in the number of FM tender points. Conclusions: Men with FM are likely to benefit from a multidisciplinary rehabilitation only for a short span of time. The measurements? decrease to baseline values suggests the loss of improvement 6 months after the intervention, which is in agreement with previous researches. Studies with larger samples and longer follow-up periods are necessary to verify the effectiveness of the program. FM and its specific characteristics in men are not well understood and should be analyzed in further studies, particularly aiming at clinical specificities, evolution and social aspects, as such elements are the cornerstone to design and implement the ideal rehabilitation program for men with FM. Comparative studies aiming at men and women with fibromyalgia are recommended.

Reabilitação na hemipelvectomia traumática / Rehabilitation for traumatic hemipelvectomy

A hemipelvectomia traumática constitui um evento raro, catastófico, cujos mecanismos de lesão e prognóstico são bem descritos na literatura. O crescente número de acidentes motociclísticos têm elevado a prevalência desta amputação, definindo o grupo de vítimas como jovens do sexo masculino sem comorbidade. Acarreta múltiplas sequelas físicas, psicológicas e sociais. Através da reabilitação, o paciente poderá recuperar independência funcional. A protetização é de grande valia, uma vez que os pacientes são jovens com prognóstico de marcha. Neste relato é apresentado o caso de uma vítima de hemipelvectomia traumática do sexo feminino, que se tornou independente para as atividades da vida diária após processo de reabilitação, que incluiu prótese, com melhora da qualidade de vida observada sob diversos aspectos. A protetização adequada não devolveu à paciente todas as finções perdidas, mas se constituiu em um instrumento capaz de melhorar-lhe a qualidade de vida.

A importância do tratamento das síndromes dolorosas no traumatismo cranioencefálico / Treatment of painful syndromes in traumatic brain injury

Segundo o modelo do National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, a doença crônica (como traumatismo cranioencefálico) deve ser observada por meio de 5 eixos - a fisiopatologia, a deficiência observável (a hemiparesia), a limitação funcional (incapacidade para tarefa específica), incapacidade para a realização de atividades de vida diária, e limitação social. Levando em conta que tais aspectos sejam inter-relacionados, a abordagem interdisciplinar é o método de escolha da prática da Medicina de Reabilitação. O objetivo do presente relato é confirmar a interferência da dor na reabilitação do trumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE), cuja importância muitas vezes é minimizada, apesar de crescentes estudos acerca da etiopatogenia e tratamento da dor no TCE. Foi realizado acompanhamento de uma paciente vítima de TCE na Divisão de Medicina Física do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo em 2002, para quem diversas modalidades analgésicas foram propostas, além da aplicação de questionário funcional e sobre a qualidade de vida, com melhora observada em todas as medidas. É necessária análise crítica dos instrumentos de medida de saúde, na medida em que neles se observa alta capacidade para detecção de habilidades motoras e baixa eficiência em detectar melhora da funcionalidade devido aos ganhos nos campos psicoafetivos e sociais, que são diretamente relacionados à experiência dolorosa.