Prenatal and Perinatal Morbidity in Children with Tic Disorders: A Mainstream School-based Population Study in Central Spain.

BACKGROUND: While current research suggests that genetic factors confer the greatest risk for the development of tic disorders, studies of environmental factors are relatively few, with a lack of consistent risk factors across studies. Our aim is to analyze the association of tic disorders with exposure to prenatal and perinatal morbidity. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study design. Cases and controls were selected and identified from a mainstream, school-based sample. The diagnosis of tic disorders was assigned by a movement disorder neurologist using 'Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision' criteria, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities were screened using the Spanish computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Predictive Scale. Information regarding the exposure to pre-perinatal risk factors was collected by a retrospective review of the birth certificates. Logistic regression analyses were then performed to test the association of tic disorders with pre-perinatal risk factors. RESULTS: Out of 407 participants, complete pre-perinatal data were available in 153 children (64 with tics and 89 without tics). After adjusting for family history of tics, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, body mass index, prenatal infection, and coexisting comorbid neuropsychiatric disturbances, tic disorders were associated with prenatal exposure to tobacco (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-7.60, p = 0.007), and cesarean section (OR = 5.78, 95% CI 1.60-20.91, p = 0.01). DISCUSSION: This nested case-control study of children with tic disorders demonstrates higher adjusted odds for tics in children with exposure to cesarean delivery and maternal smoking. Longitudinal, population-based samples are required to confirm these results.

Trastornos digestivos en la enfermedad de Parkinson: disfagia y sialorrea / Digestive disorders in Parkinson’s disease: dysphagia and sialorrhea

Introducción. Los síntomas no motores de la enfermedad de Parkinson representan un trastorno frecuente y a menudo infradiagnosticado. Entre los diferentes síntomas no motores cabe destacar la disfagia y la sialorrea, relativamente habituales en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad por su importante repercusión funcional y por la comorbilidad asociada. Desarrollo y conclusiones. Durante los últimos años se han desarrollado diferentes escalas de valoración para su uso clínico y el cribado de dicha sintomatología. Dentro de las diferentes opciones terapéuticas, la toxina botulínica representa el tratamiento de elección para la sialorrea. En cambio, la logopedia, junto con una optimización del tratamiento antiparkinsoniano, suelen ser medidas útiles para la disfagia, reservándose la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea para aquellos pacientes parkinsonianos con disfagia grave

Introducción. The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson ’s disease are a frequent and often under-diagnosed disorder. Two of the most significant non-motor symptoms are perhaps dysphagia and sialorrhea (which are relatively common in advanced stages of the disease) owing to their important functional repercussions and to the associated comorbidity. Development and conclusions. In recent years, different evaluation scales have been developed for clinical use and in screening the aforementioned symptoms. Of the different therapeutic options available, botulinum toxin represents the preferred treatment for sialorrhea. In contrast, speech therapy and an optimisation of the antiparkinsonian therapy are generally useful measures to treat dysphagia, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy being reserved for patients suffering from Parkinson who have severe dysphagia (AU)