Factors associated with changes in plantar pressure of people with peripheral diabetic neuropathy.

Abstract: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the main complications of Diabetes Mellitus, which can lead to loss of protective sensation, motor, and plantar pressure alteration, generating deformities, abnormal gait and mechanical trauma to the feet. Objective: to evaluate the distribution of plantar pressure, sensorimotor changes, balance and associated factors to plantar pressure changes in people with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with individuals registered in the primary public health service of a city in the east of São Paulo - Brazil. The sample was composed by people with Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Neuropathy identified by the Michigan Screening Instrument. It were investigated variables such as sensory-motor changes, static and dynamic plantar pressure using baropodometry and balance using the Berg scale. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all tests used. Results: Of the 200 individuals evaluated, 52.55% had no plantar protective sensitivity, the static evaluation did not demonstrated changes in the peak of plantar pressure, however in the dynamics the mean in the right foot was 6.0 (±2) kgf/cm2 and 6,7 (±1.62) kgf/cm2 on the left foot, the center of static pressure on the right foot was lower (10.55 ± 3.82) than on the left foot (11.97 ± 3.90), pointing hyper plantar pressure. The risk of falling was high, ranging from 8 to 56 points, with an average of 40.9 (±10.77). Conclusion: The absence of protective plantar sensitivity, increased pressure, biomechanical changes lead to loss of balance and are predictive of complications in the feet due to diabetic neuropathy.

Rastreamento de risco de ulceração nos pés em participantes de campanhas de prevenção e detecção do diabetes mellitus / Rastreo de riesgo de ulceración en los pies de participantes de campañas de prevención y de detección de diabetes mellitus / Foot ulcer risk screening in prevention campaign participants and detection of diabetes mellitus

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as características clínicas e sociodemográficas relacionadas ao rastreamento de risco de ulcerações nos pés em participantes de campanhas de detecção do diabetes mellitus. Métodos Estudo seccional conduzido durante campanhas de detecção do diabetes mellitus realizadas pela Associação Nacional de Assistência ao Diabético ANAD, entre 2013 e 2017, na cidade de São Paulo para a detecção do risco de ulceração nos pés segundo variáveis demográficas e clínicas. A população do estudo foi composta por pessoas com ou sem diagnóstico prévio de diabetes. Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram a entrevista e o exame físico específico dos pés dos participantes. Aplicaram-se cálculos das medidas referentes às variáveis qualitativas e testes do qui quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Resultados Um total de 2.110 pessoas foram analisadas, a maioria do sexo feminino, média de idade de 64 anos, ensino fundamental, predominância de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Identificou-se associação entre os graus de risco de ulcerações nos pés e duração da doença (p=0,021), ausência de higiene nos pés (p=0,029), pele ressecada, alteração da sensação protetora plantar, pulsos periféricos ausentes, presença de onicomicose, deformidades, úlcera e amputação (p<0,001) e 65,5% dos participantes referiram não ter recebido orientações prévias para os cuidados com os pés. Conclusão Os sinais de risco para ulcerações nos pés durante as campanhas de detecção do diabetes foram identificados e contribuem para o rastreamento das complicações e se constituem em estratégias para as ações de prevenção realizadas por estudantes de extensão acadêmica.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las características clínicas y sociodemográficas relacionadas al rastreo de riesgo de ulceraciones en los pies de participantes de campañas de detección de diabetes mellitus. Métodos Estudio seccional conducido durante campañas de detección de diabetes mellitus realizadas por la Asociación Nacional de Atención al Diabético ANAD, entre 2013 y 2017, en la ciudad de São Paulo, para la detección del riesgo de ulceración en los pies de acuerdo con variables demográficas y clínicas. La población del estudio estuvo compuesta por personas con o sin diagnóstico previo de diabetes. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recopilación fueron la entrevista y el examen físico específico de los pies de los participantes. Se aplicaron cálculos de las medidas referentes a las variables cualitativas y pruebas de Ji cuadrado y Exacta de Fisher. Resultados Se analizaron un total de 2.110 personas, en su mayoría del sexo femenino, promedio de edad de 64 años, educación primaria, predominio de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se identificó una asociación entre los grados de riesgo de ulceraciones en los pies y la duración de la enfermedad (p=0,021), la ausencia de higiene en los pies (p=0,029), piel seca, alteración de la sensación protectora plantar, pulsos periféricos ausentes, presencia de onicomicosis, deformidades, úlcera y amputación (p<0,001). El 65,5 % de los participantes mencionó no haber recibido orientaciones previas sobre los cuidados de los pies. Conclusión Se identificaron las señales de riesgo de ulceraciones en los pies durante las campañas de detección de diabetes. Esto contribuye al rastreo de complicaciones y se refleja en estrategias para las acciones de prevención realizadas por estudiantes de extensión académica.

Abstract Objective To analyze the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics related to foot ulcer risk screening in participants of diabetes mellitus detection campaigns. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted during diabetes mellitus detection campaigns carried out by the Brazilian National Association for Diabetic Care (ANAD - Associação Nacional de Atenção ao Diabetes), between 2013 and 2017, in the city of São Paulo, to detect foot ulceration risk according to demographic and clinical variables. The study population consisted of people with or without a previous diagnosis of diabetes. The collection instruments used were the interview and the specific physical examination of participants' feet. Measurements relating to qualitative variables and chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied. Results We assessed 2,110 people, most of them female, mean age of 64 years, complete elementary school, predominance of type 2 diabetes mellitus. An association was identified between the degrees of foot ulcer risk and disease duration (p=0.021), lack of foot hygiene (p=0.029), dry skin, change in plantar protective sensation, absent peripheral pulses, presence of onychomycosis, deformities, ulcer and amputation (p<0.001), and 65.5% of participants reported not having received previous guidance for foot care. Conclusion The signs of foot ulceration risk during diabetes detection campaigns were identified and contributed to screening complications, being strategies for prevention actions carried out by academic extension students.

Evaluation of the use of therapeutic footwear in people with diabetes mellitus - a scoping review.

Foot ulcers are one of the major complications of Diabetes Mellitus and are associated with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 2% of diabetic patients present lesions in the feet, with relapse rates between 30% and 40% in the first year after healing of the first ulcerations. Therapeutic footwear is one of the main strategies to prevent foot ulceration. OBJECTIVES: To identify in the literature aspects related to the recommendation of health professionals and the use of therapeutic footwear by patients with Diabetes Mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scoping review of literature in the Scopus, Scielo, Pubmed and Cochrane databases, using diabetic foot crosswords and therapeutic footwear. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles were included in this review. The majority was systematic reviews (46.15%) with published date from 2016 (38.5%). Of the 26 articles included, 10 (38.5%) referred to adherence to the use of footwear, 10 (38.5%) the difficulty to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and 6 (23.0%) to changes in the balance and biomechanics patterns In the studies, the use of therapeutic footwear is linked to the reduction of the risk of ulceration or its recurrence in people with diabetes who already have diabetic neuropathy as chronic complication of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic footwear for diabetics was able to produce significant reductions of peak plantar pressure in static and dynamic analysis, being more efficient than a common footwear, and could contribute to the prevention of injuries associated with diabetic foot.

The impact of diabetes mellitus on quality of life - differences between genders.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are gender differences in the impact of the disease in the quality of life of individuals with Diabetes Mellitus type 2. METHODS: The sample consisted of 192 individuals distributed in equal numbers by gender. Data were collected between the months of August 2013 to May 2014, by sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires and instruments for assessing quality of life (PAID) and adherence to treatment. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 30 to 80 years old with a mean of 61 years of age (± 11). B-PAID scores were higher in men except in issues related to social support, but the differences were not statistically significant; 51.7% of the patients with good adherence to treatment were women and 48.3% were men. CONCLUSIONS: The perception of the impact of diabetes in the quality of life of individuals in the present study, measured by the B-PAID instrument, showed that the highest scores predominate in men, that is, they have a higher degree of emotional distress than women. In the group with good adherence to treatment, there is a greater number of individuals with higher PAID scores, especially in men. In the group with poor adherence to treatment, the number of individuals with a high degree of emotional distress was similar in both sexes. This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UNIFESP, through Plataforma Brasil (Protocol number 103,384).

Análise epidemiológica da relação hipertensão arterial, infarto agudo do miocárdio e acidente vascular encefálico / Epidemiological analysis of the relation between arterial hypertension, acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident

Objetivou-se traçar perfil epidemiológico da clientela assistida pelos PSFs do município de Poços de Caldas, MG, no período de 2001 a 2006, e relacionar a quantidade de Visitas Domiciliares (VD) realizadas com a prevalência e incidência de Hipertensão Arterial (HA) e sua relação com a ocorrência de Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio (IAM) e Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE). O estudo foi retrospectivo descritivo de campo, via coleta de dados do Serviço de Informação da Atenção Básica. Os resultados evidenciaram que o aumento no número de VD apresentou significância estatística se comparado às taxas de incidência, prevalência e hospitalização por HA, sem relação com o acometimento por AVE e IAM.