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1.
Iran J Public Health ; 51(3): 495-507, 2022 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35865061

ABSTRACT

Background: We aimed to examine the available evidence about the impact of the crisis on the use of healthcare services in Europe. Methods: We developed a systematic review of scientific literature for the period 2008-2017. The researchers searched three databases Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Knowledge. For manual searching, several specialized journals of related scope as well as the finalized articles' reference list were searched. Descriptive and thematic analyses were carried out. PRISMA quality criteria and the recommendations of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination were followed. Results: Of 3,685 studies, 35 met inclusion criteria. Regarding "Effects of the social structure" healthcare accessibility inequalities increased by socioeconomic levels, especially in unemployed, people with low educational levels and migrants. Regarding "Healthcare effect", the impact of the recession was observed in unmet needs, pharmaceutical spending containment, reduction of hospital beds, and privatization of services. Conclusion: Austerity policies have contributed to increasing inequalities in the use of health services during the economic downturn. In the current economic climate, new management and health planning strategies such as hospitalisation at home, new models of integrated care and pharmaceutical management are needed to help achieve greater equity and equality in health.

2.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol ; 115(3): 231-6, 2014 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24517562

ABSTRACT

Heavy antibiotic users are those individuals with the highest exposure to antibiotics. They play an important role as contributors to the increasing risk of antimicrobial resistance. We applied different methods to identify and characterize the group of heavy antibiotic users in Spain as well as their exposure to antibiotics. Data on outpatient prescribing of antimicrobials (ATC J01) in 2010 were obtained from a prescription database covering Aragón (northeastern Spain). The antimicrobial consumption at the individual level was analysed both according to the volume of DDD and the number of packages purchased per year. Heavy antibiotic users were identified according to Lorenz curves and characterized by age, gender, and their antimicrobial prescription profile. Lorenz curves demonstrated substantial differences in the individual use of antimicrobials. Heavy antibiotic users (5% of individuals with highest consumption) were responsible for 21% of the total DDD consumed and received ≥6 packages per year. Elderly adults (≥60 years) and small children (0-9 years) were those exposed to the highest volume of antibiotics and with the most frequent exposure, respectively. Heavy users received a high proportion of antibiotics not recommended as first choice in primary health care. In conclusion, heavy antibiotic users consisted mainly of children and old adults. Inappropriate overuse of antibiotics (high quantity, high frequency, and inappropriate antibiotic choice) leads to a substantial risk of the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, and interventions to reduce overuse of antibiotics should therefore primarily be targeted children and elderly people.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Databases, Factual , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Outpatients , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Spain
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