Assessment of Embrace-WetBond and Fissurit F Pit and Fissure Sealants' Marginal Sealing Abilities.

Objectives: The goal of the current research was to assess marginal sealing abilities of 2 commercial pit and fissure sealants. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 premolar teeth were equally classified into 2 groups: Group A-application of Embrace-WetBond sealant and Group B-application of Fissurit F, Voco sealant. After sealant placement, samples were preserved in artificial saliva for 48 hours prior to thermocycling. Later, samples were submerged for 24 hours in a 2% methylene blue solution. The amount of microleakage based on the quantity of dye penetration at interface between the tooth substance and sealant was compared under an optical stereomicroscope. The obtained data were statistically analysed for the dye penetration scores in both groups. Result: It was observed that 8 samples from Group A (53%) had no dye penetration (Grade 0), whereas 4 samples from Group B (26%) showed Grade 0 penetration. In 5 out of 15 samples (33%) from Group B, the dye penetration was the greatest (Grade 3; P = 0.012). Conclusion: It was concluded that Embrace-WetBond had lesser microleakage compared to group 2-Fissurit F, Voco sealant.

Clinical Assessment of SDF Effect in Arresting Dental Caries in Deciduous Teeth.

Objectives: Current research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on carious lesions in deciduous teeth. Materials and Method: The study included kids who had at least one carious lesion in accordance to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II. A 38% SDF (FAgamin, Tedequim Company, Córdoba, Argentina) solution was applied directly to the lesion on the deciduous teeth as per the manufacturer's instructions. A follow-up evaluation was performed after one, three, and six months. Clinical results were used to assess the efficacy of SDF. The obtained data were statistically evaluated. Result: When it came to halting dental caries in primary teeth, 38% SDF was 92% effective. Conclusion: In conclusion, 38% SDF can be used to effectively stop caries in primary teeth.

Assessment of Flexural and Compressive Strengths of EQUIA, GC Gold Hybrid, and Conventional GIC Restorative Materials.

Objectives: This in vitro research was performed to assess the flexural and compressive strengths of EQUIA, GC Gold Hybrid (GH), and conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorative materials. Materials and methods: This study compares three restorative. Materials: group I-EQUIA Forte GIC, group II-GC GH, and group III-conventional GIC for compressive and flexural strength evaluation. With a specially made Teflon mold, thirty-six cylindrical test specimens measuring 4 mm × 5 mm in dimension were created. They were then placed in 20 mL of deionized water and kept at 37°C for 3 hours every day for 30 days. Later, they were subjected to compressive strength and flexural strength using the universal testing machine. Statistics were used to examine each and every result. Result and Conclusion: EQUIA had the highest average compressive strength and flexural strength, whereas traditional GIC restorative material had the lowest.

Removal of phosphate from River water using a new baffle plates electrochemical reactor.

During the last 50 years, the human activities have significantly altered the natural cycle of phosphate in this planet, causing phosphate to accumulate in the freshwater ecosystems of some countries to at least 75% greater than preindustrial levels, which indicates an urgent need to develop efficient phosphate treatment methods. Therefore, the current study investigates the removal of phosphate from river water using a new electrochemical cell (PBPR). This new cell utilises perforated baffle plates as a water mixer rather than magnetic stirrers that require power to work. This study investigates the influence of key operational parameters such as initial pH (ipH), current density (Ј), inter-electrode distance (ID), detention time (t) and initial phosphate concentration (IC) on the removal efficiency, and influence of the electrocoagulation process on the morphology of the surface of electrodes. Overall, the results showed that the new reactor was efficient enough to reduce the concentration of phosphate to the permissible limits. Additionally, SEM images showed that the Al anode became rough and nonuniform due to the production of aluminium hydroxides. The main advantages of the electrocoagulation technique are: •The EC method does not produce secondary pollutants as it does not required chemical additives, while other traditional treatment methods required either chemical or biological additives [[1], [2], [3], [4]].•It has a large treatment capacity and a relatively short treatment time in comparison with other treatment methods, such as the biological methods [1,[5], [6], [7]].•The EC method produces less sludge than traditional treatment traditional chemical and biological treatment methods [8,9]. EC technology, like any other treatment method, has some drawbacks that could limit its performance. For instance, it still has a clear deficiency in the variety of reactor design, and the electrodes should be periodically replaced as they dissolve into the solution due to the oxidation process [2,10].

Performance of the Population Bioequivalence (PBE) Statistical Test Using an IPAC-RS Database of Delivered Dose from Metered Dose Inhalers.

This article reports performance characteristics of the population bioequivalence (PBE) statistical test recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for orally inhaled products. A PBE Working Group of the International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium on Regulation and Science (IPAC-RS) assembled and considered a database comprising delivered dose measurements from 856 individual batches across 20 metered dose inhaler products submitted by industry. A review of the industry dataset identified variability between batches and a systematic lifestage effect that was not included in the FDA-prescribed model for PBE. A simulation study was designed to understand PBE performance when factors identified in the industry database were present. Neglecting between-batch variability in the PBE model inflated errors in the equivalence conclusion: (i) The probability of incorrectly concluding equivalence (type I error) often exceeded 15% for non-zero between-batch variability, and (ii) the probability of incorrectly rejecting equivalence (type II error) for identical products approached 20% when product and between-batch variabilities were high. Neglecting a systematic through-life increase in the PBE model did not substantially impact PBE performance for the magnitude of lifestage effect considered. Extreme values were present in 80% of the industry products considered, with low-dose extremes having a larger impact on equivalence conclusions. The dataset did not support the need for log-transformation prior to analysis, as requested by FDA. Log-transformation resulted in equivalence conclusions that depended on the direction of product mean differences. These results highlight a need for further refinement of in vitro equivalence methodology.

The Clinical, Radiographic and Histological evaluation of three different concentrations of Formocresol as a pulpotomy agent.

BACKGROUND: Formocresol, though the center of much controversy is still the most widely used medicament for primary teeth pulpotomy and an intracanal medicament which has undergone a lengthy evolution to shorten the formocresol application time and reduce the concentration of formocresol exposure to the pulp tissue. Hence, the determination of the actual effective dose and concentration of formocresol for clinical application in primary teeth is an important area of research and a thorough clinical, radiographic and histological investigation in human subjects is very much needed. MATERIALS & METHODS: The study was conducted on 45 primary molars for the Clinical, Radiographic study and 45 premolars orthodontically indicated for extraction for the Histological study. The samples were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups of 15 each for pulpotomy with full strength formocresol, 1:5 diluted formocresol and 1:25 diluted formocresol respectively. The pulpotomized primary molars were clinically evaluated at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th month while the pulpotomized premolars were subjected for histological evaluation after extraction. RESULTS: Obtained by chi-square test revealed that all the pulpotomized primary molars were asymptomatic till the end of the study period; suggesting 100% clinical and radiographic success while histologically, the three concentrations of formocresol showed decreased severity of fixation of the pulp tissue with decreasing concentration of formocresol. CONCLUSION: It can be inferred that the diluted formulations (1:5 and 1:25) of formocresol are equally efficient when compared to full-strength formocresol and thus, can be recommended for pulpotomy in primary teeth. How to cite the article: Goyal S, Abuwala T, Joshi K, Mehta J, Indushekar KR, Hallikerimath S. The Clinical, Radiographic and Histological evaluation of three different concentrations of Formocresol as a pulpotomy agent. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(2):118-25.

Prevalence, severity and related factors of dental caries in school going children of vadodara city - an epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: Among dental diseases, dental caries is an important dental public health problem in India which is irreversible in nature, and is predominantly a disease of childhood. Till date no study has been carried out in Vadodara. As baseline data of caries is required to improve oral health of children, the present study was undertaken to determine the pattern of dental caries in school children of Vadodara city in the mixed dentition period considering age, sex and dietary patterns. METHODS: An epidemiological cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among 1600 school children aged 6-12 years in Vadodara city. A closed ended questionnaire according to World Health Organisation 1997 methodology was used to collect the data. The children were examined for the presence of dental caries using decayed missing filled teeth/decayed missing filled surfaces and Decayed Missing Filled Teeth/Decayed Missing Filled Surfaces index. Related factors which predispose caries such as age, sex and dietary patterns were recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 69.12%. The mean dmft/dmfs and DMFT/DMFS were 3.00/4.79 and 0.45/0.56 respectively. The prevalence was higher in deciduous teeth than in permanent teeth. Positive association was found between dental caries and age, sex, frequency of sugar consumption in between meals. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the prevalence and severity of dental caries in Vadodara city is high. So, in developing country like India, it is imperative to introduce primary prevention and increased restorative care for the purpose of both reducing the caries prevalence and maintaining those caries free children. How to cite this article: Joshi N, Sujan SG, Joshi K, Parekh H, Dave B. Prevalence, Severity and Related Factors of Dental Caries in School Going Children of Vadodara City - An Epidemiological Study. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(4):40-48.

Comparative Evaluation of Two Different Pit & Fissure Sealants and a Restorative Material to check their Microleakage - An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare three different pit and fissure sealants with different composition to check their effectiveness for sealing ability and microleakage. MATERIALS & METHODS: Total 120 therapeutically extracted premolars devoid of any caries, anomalies or morphogenic diversity were collected and distributed equally in three groups (40 in each). Group - I: Composite based Pit and fissure sealant, Group -II: Compomer- restorative material and GROUP-III: Glass ionomer cement based pit and fissure sealant. Samples were cleaned with slurry of pumice and etched with phosphoric acid etchant. After thorough washing and drying, teeth were treated and cured with three sealants having different composition followed by thermocycling and immersion in methylene blue dye for 24 hours. Teeth were then observed and score was given for microleakage. The sections were photographed to show score of "0", "1", or "2" microleakage and the data was statistically analyzed with the non parametric test (Kruskal Walis test). RESULTS: Composite material was found better for sealant material as it was showing significantly least microleakage as compare to Glass Inomer Cement and promising result with compomer. CONCLUSION: Besides many inventions, researches and nano-technology implementation in dental materials, composite material is comparatively better than Glass Inomer Cement and compomer as sealant materials. How to cite this article: Joshi K, Dave B, Joshi N, Rajashekhara BS, Jobanputra LS, Yagnik K. Comparative Evaluation of Two Different Pit & Fissure Sealants and a Restorative Material to check their Microleakage - An In Vitro Study. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(4):35-39.