ABSTRACT
The main aim of the study was to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere using a novel Andropogon narudus (AN) biofuel using higher air temperatures and reducing the consumption of conventional fossil fuel (diesel). The use of a heat exchange chamber within the air intake manifold is a popular method to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions during cold starts. A premixed charged compression ignition engine in the dual-fuel mode was used in this study with raw diesel, raw AN oil, AN70+D30, AN80+D20, AN80+D20 (35 °C), AN80+D20 (40 °C), and AN80+D20 (45 °C). A chamber was designed and analyzed to measure the exit temperature and density change and to determine the reduction in volumetric efficiency of the engine, using Ansys Fluent software. A sustainability assessment study was performed to understand the feasibility of the fuel and the design using the Pugh Matrix. The fuel AN80+D20 with an air temperature of 45 °C was found to be superior to all other fuels in terms of brake thermal efficiency, reaching at 32.1%. D100 used the least amount of energy, whereas AN80+D20 used the most. Engine HC emission was at the lowest (45.01 ppm) for AN80+D20 fuel at 45 °C air input and reached the highest (50 ppm) for AN100 fuel. With an air temperature of 45 °C, CO emission was at its lowest for AN80+D20 gasoline (0.018%) and was at its highest for AN100 (0.072%). Nitrogen oxide emissions were the highest for AN80+D20 fuel with an air temperature of 45 °C, with an air concentration of 1254 ppm, whereas they were the lowest for AN100 (900 ppm). CO2 values were reduced, with D100 showing the lowest levels and AN100 showing the highest. The smoke emission was minimum for AN80+D20 fuel at 45 °C, with a smoke number of 15 compared to 33 for D100 fuel. As per the Pugh Matrix assessment, AN80+D20 with 35 °C air temperature had higher scores compared to all of the other fuel mixtures.
ABSTRACT
In the present scenario, the utilization of petroleum fuel is expanding forcefully worldwide in the vitality store and plays a highly hazardous role in the ecological system. Biofuel stands out among the most tenable keys for this issue. The lemongrass oil is used as a biofuel because of low density and viscosity when compared with diesel. The lemongrass oil is extracted by steam distillation process. In the present investigation, partially stabilized zirconium, due to its higher thermal conductivity, is selected as coating material. The top surface of the piston and the inlet and exhaust valves are coated up to the preferred thickness of 500 µm by the plasma spray technique. The lemongrass emulsion fuel is prepared in the proportion of 94% of lemongrass oil, 5% of water, and 1% of surfactant span 80. The nanoparticles of cerium oxide were used with lemongrass oil (LGO) nano-emulsion in the measurement of 30 ppm. The four-stroke diesel engine execution, ignition, and the outflow extent were contrasted in the diesel and lemongrass oil (LGO) compared with the base diesel engine. The performance characteristic curves of lemongrass-cerium oxide nano-emulsion fuel show the increase in brake thermal efficiency of 17.21% when compared with the mineral diesel fuel. The emission characteristics of lemongrass-cerium oxide nano-emulsion fuel show a drop in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission by 16.21% and 15.21%, respectively, when compared with base diesel fuel and also there is a decrease in oxides of nitrogen and smoke emission by 24.1% and 6.3%, respectively, when compared to mineral diesel fuel.
