ABSTRACT
The artificial joints, for example, knee and hip implants, are widely used for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases and trauma. The current most common material choice for clinically used implants is the combination of polymer-on-metal structures. Unfortunately, these joints often suffer from high friction and wear, leading to associated inflammation and infection and ultimate failure of the artificial joints. Here, we propose an alternative solution to this tribologically induced failure of the joint materials. We demonstrate that the friction and wear behavior of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and titanium tribopair, used to mimic the artificial joint interface, can be improved by introducing nanodiamond (ND) particles in the sliding contact. Characterization of the wear track using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the tribofilm formed from embedded NDs during sliding significantly suppressed the wear of the UHMWPE surface. In addition to the improved lubrication characteristics, NDs exhibit high biocompatibility with the bone cells and promising antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, the most common strain associated with artificial joint infection. These results indicate that NDs can be used as a promising nontoxic human-body lubricant with antiwear and antibacterial features, thus demonstrating their great potential to treat artificial joint complications through intra-articular injection.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Biocompatible Materials , Lubricants , Nanodiamonds , Polyethylenes , Prostheses and Implants , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Titanium , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology , Cell Line , Lubricants/chemistry , Lubricants/pharmacology , Mice , Nanodiamonds/chemistry , Nanodiamonds/therapeutic use , Polyethylenes/chemistry , Polyethylenes/pharmacology , Surface Properties , Titanium/chemistry , Titanium/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Drosophila larval neuroblasts are a model system for studying stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we report a novel role for the Drosophila gene Bj1 in promoting larval neuroblast self-renewal. Bj1 is the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Ran GTPase, which regulates nuclear import/export. Bj1 transcripts are highly enriched in larval brain neuroblasts (in both central brain and optic lobe), while Bj1 protein is detected in both neuroblasts and their neuronal progeny. Loss of Bj1 using both mutants or RNAi causes a progressive loss of larval neuroblasts, showing that Bj1 is required to maintain neuroblast numbers. Loss of Bj1 does not result in neuroblast apoptosis, but rather leads to abnormal nuclear accumulation of the differentiation factor Prospero, and premature neuroblast differentiation. We conclude that the Bj1 RanGEF promotes Prospero nuclear export and neuroblast self-renewal.
