ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: According to the most recent U.S. CDC surveillance data, the rise in prevalence of childhood autism spectrum disorder among minority children has begun to outpace that of non-Hispanic white children. Since prior research has identified possible differences in the extent of mate selection for autistic traits across families of different ethnicity, this study examined variation in autism related traits in contemporaneous, epidemiologically ascertained samples of spousal pairs representing Hispanic and non-Hispanic white populations. The purpose was to determine whether discrepancies by ethnicity could contribute to differential increases in prevalence in the current generation of young children. METHODS: Birth records were used to identify all twin pairs born between 2011 and 2013 in California and Missouri. Families were selected at random from pools of English-speaking Hispanic families in California and Non-Hispanic White families in Missouri. Autistic trait data of parents was obtained using the Adult Report Form of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). RESULTS: We did not identify a statistically significant difference in the degree of mate selection for autism related traits between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white spousal pairs. However, the degree of spousal correlation observed in this recent cohort was pronounced (on the order of ICC 0.45) and exceeded that typically reported in prior research (on the order of 0.30), surpassing also widely reported estimates for sibling correlation (also on the order of 0.30). LIMITATIONS: The sample did not allow for a direct appraisal of change in the magnitude of spousal correlation over time and the ascertainments of trait burden were derived from spouse report. CONCLUSION: Across two epidemiologically ascertained samples of spousal pairs representing Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families across two U.S. states (respectively, California and Missouri), the extent of autism-related trait co-variation for parents of the current generation of young children is substantial and exceeds correlations typically observed for siblings. Given the heritability of these traits and their relation to autism risk, societal trends in the degree of mate selection for these traits should be considered as possible contributors to subtle increases in the incidence of autism over time and across generations.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Male , Female , Prevalence , Autistic Disorder/epidemiology , Autistic Disorder/genetics , Adult , California/epidemiology , White People , Child , Missouri/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Bariatric surgery can facilitate weight loss and improvement in medical comorbidities. It has a profound impact on nutrition, and patients need access to follow-up and aftercare. NICE CG189 Obesity emphasized the importance of a minimum of 2 years follow-up in the bariatric surgical service and recommended that following discharge from the surgical service, there should be annual monitoring as part of a shared care model of chronic disease management. NHS England Obesity Clinical Reference Group commissioned a multi-professional subgroup, which included patient representatives, to develop bariatric surgery follow-up guidelines. Terms of reference and scope were agreed upon. The group members took responsibility for different sections of the guidelines depending on their areas of expertise and experience. The quality of the evidence was rated and strength graded. Four different shared care models were proposed, taking into account the variation in access to bariatric surgical services and specialist teams across the country. The common features include annual review, ability for a GP to refer back to specialist centre, submission of follow-up data to the national data base to NBSR. Clinical commissioning groups need to ensure that a shared care model is implemented as patient safety and long-term follow-up are important.
Subject(s)
Aftercare/methods , Bariatric Surgery/adverse effects , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Aftercare/psychology , Bariatric Surgery/methods , Bone Density , Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Female , Humans , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Male , Mental Health , Pregnancy , Vitamin D/administration & dosage , Vitamin D/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre métodos anticonceptivos de estudiantes de Medicina Humana del 1er a 3er año de estudios. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se elaboró una encuesta de autollenado en forma anónima que se entregó a los estudiantes de medicina; 91 de 1ero, 100 de 2do y 91 3er año, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: El 29,5% de los estudiantes tuvo un conocimiento aceptable, el 51,7% un conocimiento regular y en el 18,8% fue deficiente. CONCLUSIONES: El nivel de conocimiento sobre métodos anticonceptivos en estudiantes de medicina de Ciencias Básicas fue insuficiente. Se plantea la aplicación de programas y cursos referentes a planificación familiar por parte de la universidad.
OBJETIVE: To determine the knowledge level of knowledge in 1st to 3rd year medical students about contraceptive methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An auto filling survey was given in anonymous form to medical students; 91 of 1st year, 100 of 2nd year and 91of 3rd year respectively. RESULTS: 29.5% of the students present an acceptable knowledge, 51.7% have regular and 18.8% poor knowledge about contraception. CONCLUSIONS: Level of knowledge of medical students about contraceptive methods was insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to implement programs and courses relating to contraception and family planning by the university.
