ABSTRACT
The structure of the title compound, 2C18H19ClN4O·HCl or (CNO)2·HCl (C36H39Cl3N8O2), at 100â K has tetra-gonal (I4/m) symmetry. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings of the fused ring system of the CNO mol-ecule is 40.08â (6)° and the equivalent angle between the seven-membered ring and its pendant N-oxide ring is 31.14â (7)°. The structure contains a very strong, symmetrical O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bond [Oâ¯O = 2.434â (2)â Å] between two equivalent R 3N+-O- moieties, which share a proton lying on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. These units then form a (CNO)4·(HCl)2 ring by way of two equivalent N-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen bonds (Cl- site symmetry m). These rings are catenated into infinite chains propagating along the c-axis direction by way of shape complementarity and directional C-Hâ¯N and C-Hâ¯π inter-actions.
ABSTRACT
Isotope-coded affinity tags (ICATs) are valuable tools for mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics, in particular, for comparison of protein (cysteine-residue) thiol oxidation state in normal, stressed, and diseased tissue. However, the iodoacetamido electrophile used in most commercial ICATs suffers from poor thiol-selectivity and modest rates of adduct formation, which can lead to spurious results. Hence, we designed and synthesized three ICATs containing thiol-selective N-alkylmaleimide electrophiles (isotope-coded maleimide affinity tags = ICMATs) and assessed these as mass spectrometry probes for ratiometric analysis of lysozyme and muscle proteomes. Two ICMAT pairs containing butylene/D8-butylene linkers were effective MS probes, but not ideal for typical proteomics workflows, because peptides bearing these tags frequently did not coelute with HPLC. A switch to a phenylene/13C6-phenylene linker solved this issue without compromising the efficiency of adduct formation.
Subject(s)
Carbon Isotopes/chemistry , Isotope Labeling/methods , Maleimides/chemistry , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Animals , Chromatography, Liquid , Dogs , Gene Expression Regulation , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred mdx , Models, Molecular , Muscle Proteins/chemistry , Muscle Proteins/genetics , Muscle, Skeletal , Protein Conformation , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Vascular permeability and angiogenesis underpin neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. While anti-VEGF therapies are widely used clinically, many patients do not respond optimally, or at all, and small-molecule therapies are lacking. Here, we identified a dibenzoxazepinone BT2 that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, wound repair in vitro, network formation, and angiogenesis in mice bearing Matrigel plugs. BT2 interacts with MEK1 and inhibits ERK phosphorylation and the expression of FosB/ΔFosB, VCAM-1, and many genes involved in proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation. BT2 reduced retinal vascular leakage following rat choroidal laser trauma and rabbit intravitreal VEGF-A165 administration. BT2 suppressed retinal CD31, pERK, VCAM-1, and VEGF-A165 expression. BT2 reduced retinal leakage in rats at least as effectively as aflibercept, a first-line therapy for nAMD/DR. BT2 withstands boiling or autoclaving and several months' storage at 22°C. BT2 is a new small-molecule inhibitor of vascular permeability and angiogenesis.
