A Narrative Review and Expert Panel Recommendations on Dyslipidaemia Management After Acute Coronary Syndrome in Countries Outside Western Europe and North America.

Patients who have experienced an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at very high risk of recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Dyslipidaemia, a major risk factor for CVD, is poorly controlled post ACS in countries outside Western Europe and North America, despite the availability of effective lipid-modifying therapies (LMTs) and guidelines governing their use. Recent guideline updates recommend that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the primary target for dyslipidaemia therapy, be reduced by ≥ 50% and to < 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL) in patients at very high risk of CVD, including those with ACS. The high prevalence of CVD risk factors in some regions outside Western Europe and North America confers a higher risk of CVD on patients in these countries. ACS onset is often earlier in these patients, and they may be more challenging to treat. Other barriers to effective dyslipidaemia control include low awareness of the value of intensive lipid lowering in patients with ACS, physician non-adherence to guideline recommendations, and lack of efficacy of currently used LMTs. Lack of appropriate pathways to guide follow-up of patients with ACS post discharge and poor access to intensive medications are important factors limiting dyslipidaemia therapy in many countries. Opportunities exist to improve attainment of LDL-C targets by the use of country-specific treatment algorithms to promote adherence to guideline recommendations, medical education and greater prioritisation by healthcare systems of dyslipidaemia management in very high risk patients.

Third national registry of acute coronary syndromes (RENASICA III).

OBJECTIVE: RENASICA III is a prospective, multicenter registry on acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The main objective will be to identify the outcome in tertiary and community hospitals and perform strategies to improve quality of care in Mexico. METHODS: RENASICA III will enroll 8000 patients in public health and private hospitals. The registry began in November 2012 with a planned recruitment during 12 months and a 1-year follow-up. The study population will comprise a consecutive, prospective cohort of patients >18 years with ACS final diagnosis and evidence of ischemic heart disease. The structure, data collection and data analysis will be based on quality current recommendations for registries. The protocol has been approved by institutional ethics committees in all participant centers. All patients will sign an informed consent form. Currently in Mexico, there is a need of observational registries that include patients with treatment in the everyday clinical practice so the data could be validated and additional information could be obtained versus the one from the clinical trials. In this way, RENASICA III emerges as a link among randomized clinical trials developed by experts and previous Mexican experience.

Third national registry of acute coronary syndromes (RENASICA III) / Tercer Registro Nacional de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos (RENASICA III)

Objective: RENASICA III is a prospective, multicenter registry on acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The main objective will be to identify the outcome in tertiary and community hospitals and perform strategies to improve quality of care in Mexico. Methods: RENASICA III will enroll 8000 patients in public health and private hospitals. The registry began in November 2012 with a planned recruitment during 12 months and a 1-year follow-up. The study population will comprise a consecutive, prospective cohort of patients >18 years with ACS final diagnosis and evidence of ischemic heart disease. The structure, data collection and data analysis will be based on quality current recommendations for registries. The protocol has been approved by institutional ethics committees in all participant centers. All patients will sign an informed consent form. Currently in Mexico, there is a need of observational registries that include patients with treatment in the everyday clinical practice so the data could be validated and additional information could be obtained versus the one from the clinical trials. In this way, RENASICA III emerges as a link among randomized clinical trials developed by experts and previous Mexican experience.

Objetivo: RENASICA III es un registro prospectivo multicéntrico en síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). El principal objetivo será identificar en México la evolución en hospitales de segundo y tercer nivel para establecer estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la atención. Métodos: RENASICA III ingresará 8000 pacientes en hospitales de instituciones de salud y privados. El registro inició en noviembre de 2012 con un reclutamiento durante 12 meses y un seguimiento al alta hospitalaria de 12 meses. La población en estudio incluirá una cohorte prospectiva de pacientes >18 años con diagnóstico final de un SCA y evidencia objetiva de cardiopatía isquémica. La estructura del registro, la recolección de datos y el análisis se basó en las recomendaciones actuales para la calidad de los registros en enfermedad cardiovascular. El protocolo fue aprobado por los comités institucionales de ética de todos los centros participantes. Todos los pacientes firmarán un consentimiento informado. En la actualidad existe en México la necesidad de registros observacionales que incluyan pacientes sometidos a tratamiento en la práctica clínica contemporánea para validar los datos y obtener información complementaria de los grandes estudios aleatorizados controlados. RENASICA III emerge como un vínculo entre estudios aleatorizados controlados conducidos por expertos y la experiencia mexicana previa.

Primary reperfusion in acute right ventricular infarction: An observational study.

AIM: To investigate the impact of primary reperfusion therapy (RT) on early and late mortality in acute right ventricular infarction (RVI). METHODS: RVI patients (n = 679) were prospectively classified as without right ventricular failure (RVF) (class A, n = 425, 64%), with RVF (class B, n = 158, 24%) or with cardiogenic shock (CS) (class C, n = 96, 12%). Of the 679 patients, 148 (21.7%) were considered to be eligible for thrombolytic therapy (TT) and 351 (51.6%) for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). TIMI 3-flow by TT was achieved for A, B and C RVI class in 65%, 64% and 0%, respectively and with PPCI in 93%, 91% and 87%, respectively. RESULTS: For class A without RT, the mortality rate was 7.9%, with TT was reduced to 4.4% (P < 0.01) and with PPCI to 3.2% (P < 0.01). Considering TT vs PPCI, PPCI was superior (P < 0.05). For class B without RT the mortality was 27%, decreased to 13% with TT (P < 0.01) and to 8.3% with PPCI (P < 0.01). In a TT and PPCI comparison, PPCI was superior (P < 0.01). For class C without RT the in-hospital mortality was 80%, with TT was 100% and with PPCI, the rate decreased to 44% (P < 0.01). At 8 years, the mortality rate without RT for class A was 32%, for class B was 48% and for class C was 85%. When PPCI was successful, the long-term mortality was lower than previously reported for the 3 RVI classes (A: 21%, B: 38%, C: 70%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PPCI is superior to TT and reduces short/long-term mortality for all RVI categories. RVI CS patients should be encouraged to undergo PPCI at a specialized center.

Patients with hypertensive crises who are admitted to a coronary care unit: clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Patients with hypertensive crises, especially hypertensive emergencies, require immediate admittance to an intensive care unit for rapid blood pressure (BP) control. The authors analyzed the prevalence of hypertensive crisis, the clinical characteristics, and the evolution of patients with hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their BP values: group I, predominant systolic hypertension (≥180/≤119 mm Hg); group II, severe systolic and diastolic hypertension (≥180/≥120 mm Hg); and group III, predominant diastolic hypertension (≤179/≥120 mm Hg). Of all of the patients admitted to a coronary care unit, 538 experienced a hypertensive crisis, which represented 5.08% of all admissions. Hypertensive emergency was predominant in 76.6% of the cases, which corresponded to acute coronary syndrome and acute decompensated heart failure in 59.5% and 25.2% of the cases, respectively. A pattern of predominant systolic hypertension (≥180/≤119 mm Hg) was most commonly observed in the hypertensive crisis group (71.4%) and the hypertensive emergency group (72.1%). The medications that were most commonly used at onset included intravenous vasodilators (nitroglycerin in 63.4% and sodium nitroprusside in 16.4% of the patients). The overall mortality rate was 3.7%. The mortality rate was 4.6% for hypertensive emergency cases and 0.8% for hypertensive urgencies cases.

Risk factors, therapeutic approaches, and in-hospital outcomes in Mexicans with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: the RENASICA II multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disease is a growing health problem in Latin America. We aimed to analyze risk factors, acute management, and short-term outcome of Mexicans with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). HYPOTHESIS: Modifiable risk factors are associated with the occurrence of STEMI in Mexicans, and potentially preventable acute complications are responsible for most short-term deaths. METHODS: Among 8600 patients enrolled in Registro Nacional de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos II (RENASICA II) with a suspected acute coronary syndrome, we analyzed 4555 patients (56%; age 21-100 y) with confirmed STEMI who presented within 24 hours from symptoms' onset. RESULTS: Smoking (66%), hypertension (50%), and diabetes (43%) were the main risk factors. Most patients (74%) presented with Killip class I (class IV in 4%). Anterior-located STEMI occurred in 56% of cases, and posterior-inferior in 40% of cases. Significant Q waves were present in 43%, right bundle branch block in 7%, left bundle branch block in 5%, first-degree atrioventricular block in 2%, and high-degree atrioventricular block in 2%. A total of 1685 (37%) patients received fibrinolytic therapy (streptokinase, 82%; alteplase, 17%; tenecteplase, 1%), with 31% of patients receiving therapy in <2 hours, 36% in 2-4 hours, 19% in 4-6 hours, and 15% in >6 hours. Thirty percent of patients received either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting during hospitalization. Major adverse cardiovascular events were recurrent ischemia (12%), reinfarction (4%), cardiogenic shock (4%), and stroke (1%). The main predictors of 30-day mortality (10%) in multivariate analysis were age ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94-3.13), Killip class IV (OR: 10.60, 95% CI: 6.09-18.40), and cardiogenic shock (OR: 18.76, 95% CI: 10.60-33.20). CONCLUSIONS: Largely modifiable risk factors and preventable short-term complications are responsible for most STEMI cases and outcomes in this Mexican population.

The TIMI risk score for STEMI predicts in-hospital mortality and adverse events in patients without cardiogenic shock undergoing primary angioplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) comprise a heterogeneous population with respect to the risk for adverse events. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has shown to be better, mainly in high-risk patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for STEMI applied to patients undergo primary PCI identifies a group of patients at high risk for adverse events. METHODS: We identified patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock on admission, who were treated with primary PCI. The TIMI and CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) risk scores were calculated to determine their predictive value for in hospital mortality. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TIMI risk score, low risk being 0-4 points and high risk .5 points, and the frequency of adverse events was analyzed. RESULTS: We analyzed 572 patients with STEMI. The c-statistics predictive value of the TIMI risk score for mortality was 0.80 (p=0.0001) and the CADILLAC risk score was 0.83, (p=0.0001). Thirty-two percent of patients classified as high risk (TIMI .5) had a higher incidence of adverse events than the low-risk group: mortality 14.8% vs. 2.1%, (p=0.0001); heart failure 15.3% vs. 4.1%, (p=0.0001); development of cardiogenic shock 10.9% vs. 1.5%, (p=0.0001); ventricular arrhythmias 14.8% vs. 5.9%, (p=0.001); and no-reflow phenomenon 22.4% vs. 13.6%, (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The TIMI risk score for STEMI prior to primary PCI can predict in hospital mortality and identifies a group of high-risk patients who might develop adverse events.

The TIMI risk score for STEMI predicts in-hospital mortality and adverse events in patients without cardiogenic shock undergoing primary angioplasty / La escala de riesgo TIMI para infarto del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST predice mortalidad y eventos adversos intrahospitalarios en pacientes sin choque cardiogénico sometidos a angioplastía coronaria

Introduction: Patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) comprise a heterogeneous population with respect to the risk for adverse events. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has shown to be better, mainly in high-risk patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for STEMI applied to patients undergo primary PCI identifies a group of patients at high risk for adverse events. Methods: We identifed patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock on admission, who were treated with primary PCI. The TIMI and CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) risk scores were calculated to determine their predictive value for in hospital mortality. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TIMI risk score, low risk being 0-4 points and high risk ≥5 points, and the frequency of adverse events was analyzed. Results: We analyzed 572 patients with STEMI. The c-statistics predictive value of the TIMI risk score for mortality was 0.80 (p=0.0001) and the CADILLAC risk score was 0.83, (p=0.0001). Thirty-two percent of patients classifed as high risk (TIMI ≥5) had a higher incidence of adverse events than the low-risk group: mortality 14.8% vs. 2.1%, (p=0.0001); heart failure 15.3% vs. 4.1%, (p=0.0001); development of cardiogenic shock 10.9% vs. 1.5%, (p=0.0001); ventricular arrhythmias 14.8% vs. 5.9%, (p=0.001); and no-refow phenomenon 22.4% vs. 13.6%, (p=0.01). Conclusions: The TIMI risk score for STEMI prior to primary PCI can predict in hospital mortality and identifes a group of high-risk patients who might develop adverse events.

Introducción: Los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAM CEST), son una población heterogénea por lo que toca al riesgo de eventos adversos. La intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) primaria mostró ser mejor, principalmente en los pacientes de riesgo alto. Objetivo: La propuesta de este estudio fue determinar si la escala de riesgo de trombólisis en infarto del miocardio (TIMI) para IAM CEST, aplicado a los pacientes sometidos a ICP primaria, identifica a grupos de pacientes de riesgo alto de eventos adversos. Métodos: Se identificaron a pacientes con IAM CEST sin choque cardiogénico al ingreso, quienes fueron tratados con ICP primaria. Se calcularon las escalas de riesgo TIMI y CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications), para determinar su valor predictivo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos de acuerdo a su escala de riesgo TIMI, riesgo bajo con 0-4 puntos y riesgo alto con ≥5 puntos, se analizó la frecuencia de eventos adversos. Resultados: Se analizaron 572 pacientes con IAM CEST. El valor predictivo del estadístico C de la escala de riesgo TIMI para mortalidad fue de 0.80 (p=0.0001), y la escala de riesgo CADILLAC fue de 0.83, (p=0.0001). El 32% de los pacientes clasificados como riesgo alto (TIMI ≥5), tuvo una alta incidencia de eventos adversos comparada con el grupo de riesgo bajo: la mortalidad 14.8% vs. 2.1%, (p=0.0001); falla cardiaca 15.3% vs. 4.1%, (p=0.0001); desarrollo de choque cardiogénico 10.9% vs. 1.5%, (p=0.0001); arritmias ventriculares 14.8% vs. 5.9%, (p=0.001), y fenómeno de no reflujo 22.4% vs. 13.6%, (p=0.01). Conclusiones: La escala de riesgo TIMI para IAM CEST, previo a ICP primaria puede predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria e identificar a un grupo de pacientes de riesgo alto, los cuales pueden desarrollar eventos adversos.

[Clinical characteristics and treatment of ventricular septum rupture after acute myocardial infarction]. / Características clínicas, modalidades de tratamiento y mortalidad en la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics, management strategy and mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and rupture of ventricular septum (RVS). METHODS: The study included 40 patients admitted during a period of 8 years, due to AMI complicated with RVS. RVS was confirmed by echocardiogram. The clinical characteristics, type of treatment and hospital mortality were evaluated. Variables were compared by Mann-Withney U tests or Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Patients were 64 years old (56 - 73), 67% men, 53% diabetes mellitus, 43% hypertension, 40% smokers. Treatments were medical (45%), surgical (38%) or Amplatzer (17%). Overall mortality was 65%, in conservative group was 45%, in surgery group 38%, and Amplatzer group 17% (p = 0.02), it was associated to shorter time between AMI and RVS (p <0.001) and shorter time between and treatment (p <0.001). All patients with Killipp Kimbal III or IV died. CONCLUSIONS: Currently there is no management strategy in RSV with demonstrated advantage over other strategies. The only marker with good prognosis could be a long time between rupture and treatment. It is likely that the indication of management of International guidelines does not apply to all patients and these should be stratified according to their hemodynamic status.

[Hemorrhagic complications of acute coronary syndromes treatment]. / Complicaciones hemorrágicas del tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos.

Acute coronary syndromes represent a problem of public health. The main goal of the treatment includes early reperfusion and avoidance of recurrent ischemic events. For this, thrombolytic, anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are used and, although they clearly improve the ischemic prognosis, are also associated with bleeding. It is now clear that bleeding has a negative impact in the patient's evolution and that its treatment can be also detrimental. It is important to recognize patients at high bleeding risk and to choose the therapy with the best risk-benefit profile. If the patient develops bleeding, it should be identified and treated properly to minimize its negative impact in the patient´s prognosis.

Complicaciones hemorrágicas del tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos / Hemorrhagic complications of acute coronary syndromes treatment

Los síndromes coronarios agudos representan un problema de salud pública. La meta principal del tratamiento incluye la reperfusión temprana cuando está indicada y evitar la recurrencia de eventos isquémicos. Para ello, se utilizan fármacos trombolíticos, anticoagulantes y antiplaquetarios cada vez más potentes que, aunque claramente mejoran el pronóstico isquémico, se acompañan de diversas complicaciones entre las que destacan las hemorrágicas. Cada vez se reconoce con mayor claridad la importancia de estas complicaciones y su impacto negativo en el pronóstico del paciente. Es indispensable reconocer al paciente que tiene un riesgo elevado de desarrollar hemorragia y escoger la terapéutica con el mejor perfil riesgo-beneficio. En caso de que el paciente presente un evento hemorrágico, debe de ser identificado y tratado prontamente de forma adecuada para minimizar su impacto negativo en el pronóstico.

Acute coronary syndromes represent a problem of public health. The main goal of the treatment includes early reperfusion and avoidance of recurrent ischemic events. For this, thrombolytic, anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are used and, although they clearly improve the ischemic prognosis, are also associated with bleeding. It is now clear that bleeding has a negative impact in the patient's evolution and that its treatment can be also detrimental. It is important to recognize patients at high bleeding risk and to choose the therapy with the best risk-benefit profle. If the patient develops bleeding, it should be identified and treated properly to minimize its negative impact in the patient's prognosis.

Características clínicas, modalidades de tratamiento y mortalidad en la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto / Clinical characteristics and treatment of ventricular septum rupture after acute myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Conocer las características, estrategia de tratamiento y mortalidad en pacientes con infarto agudo al miocardio y ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Métodos: Se incluyeron 40 pacientes atendidos en un periodo de ocho años por infarto agudo al miocardio complicado con ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Se utilizó ecocardiograma para confirmar la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Se evaluaron las características clínicas, el tipo de tratamiento y la mortalidad hospitalaria. Las variables se compararon con prueba U de Mann-Withney o prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Edad 64 años (56 a 73), 67% hombres, 53% diabetes, 43% hipertensión, 40% tabaquismo. Los tratamientos fueron: conservador 45%, quirúrgico 38% o dispositivo Amplatzer 17%. La mortalidad general fue de 65%, con manejo conservador 54%, con cirugía 35% y con Amplatzer 12% (p = 0.02), y estuvo asociada a menor tiempo entre infarto agudo al miocardio y ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto (p <0.001) y menor tiempo entre ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto y tratamiento de cierre (p <0.001). Todos los pacientes con Killip Kimbal III o IV murieron. Conclusiones: Hasta el momento no existe una estrategia de manejo en la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto que demuestre ventajas sobre las demás. El único marcador de buen pronóstico podría ser el mayor tiempo entre la ruptura y el tratamiento de cierre. Es probable que la indicación de manejo de las guías internacionales no aplique para todos los pacientes y estos deban estratificarse de acuerdo a su estado hemodinámico.

Objective: To identify the characteristics, management strategy and mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and rupture of ventricular septum (RVS). Methods: The study included 40 patients admitted during a period of 8 years, due to AMI complicated with RVS. RVS was confirmed by echocardiogram. The clinical characteristics, type of treatment and hospital mortality were evaluated. Variables were compared by Mann-Withney U tests or Fisher exact test. Results: Patients were 64 years old (56 - 73), 67% men, 53% diabetes mellitus, 43% hypertension, 40% smokers. Treatments were medical (45%), surgical (38%) or Amplatzer (17%). Overall mortality was 65%, in conservative group was 45%, in surgery group 38%, and Amplatzer group 17% (p = 0.02), it was associated to shorter time between AMI and RVS (p <0.001) and shorter time between and treatment (p <0.001). All patients with Killipp Kimbal III or IV died. Conclusions: Currently there is no management strategy in RSV with demonstrated advantage over other strategies. The only marker with good prognosis could be a long time between rupture and treatment. It is likely that the indication of management of International guidelines does not apply to all patients and these should be stratified according to their hemodynamic status.

In-hospital outcome in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block. A sub-study from RENASICA II, a national multicenter registry.

OBJECTIVE: Compare in-hospital outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with right versus left bundle branch block. METHODS: RENASICA II, a national Mexican registry enrolled 8098 patients with final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome secondary to ischemic heart disease. In 4555 STEMI patients, 545 had bundle branch block, 318 (58.3%) with right and 225 patients with left (41.6%). Both groups were compared in terms of in-hospital outcome through major cardiovascular adverse events; (cardiovascular death, recurrent ischemia and reinfarction). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify in-hospital mortality risk among right and left bundle branch block patients. RESULTS: There were not statistical differences in both groups regarding baseline characteristics, time of ischemia, myocardial infarction location, ventricular dysfunction and reperfusion strategies. In-hospital outcome in bundle branch block group was characterized by a high incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events with a trend to higher mortality in patients with right bundle branch block (OR 1.70, CI 1.19 - 2.42, p < 0.003), compared to left bundle branch block patients. CONCLUSION: In this sub-study right bundle branch block accompanying ST-elevation myocardial infarction of any location at emergency room presentation was an independent predictor of high in-hospital mortality.

In-hospital outcome in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block: A sub-study from RENASICA II, a national multicenter registry / Evolución intrahospitalaria en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y bloqueo de rama derecha: Sub-estudio de RENASICA II, un registro nacional multicéntrico

Objective: Compare in-hospital outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with right versus left bundle branch block. Methods: RENASICA II, a national mexican registry enrolled 8098 patients with final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome secondary to ischemic heart disease. In 4555 STEMI patients, 545 had bundle branch block, 318 (58.3%) with right and 225 patients with left (41.6%). Both groups were compared in terms of in-hospital outcome through major cardiovascular adverse events; (cardiovascular death, recurrent ischemia and reinfarction). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify in-hospital mortality risk among right and left bundle branch block patients. Results: There were not statistical differences in both groups regarding baseline characteristics, time of ischemia, myocardial infarction location, ventricular dysfunction and reperfusion strategies. In-hospital outcome in bundle branch block group was characterized by a high incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events with a trend to higher mortality in patients with right bundle branch block (OR 1.70, CI 1.19 - 2.42, p < 0.003), compared to left bundle branch block patients. Conclusion: In this sub-study right bundle branch block accompanying ST-elevation myocardial infarction of any location at emergency room presentation was an independent predictor of high in-hospital mortality.

Objetivo: Comparar la evolución hospitalaria en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con bloqueo de rama derecha versus bloqueo de rama izquierda. Método: El Registro Nacional de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos II, incluyó 8098 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, de los cuales 4555 corresponden a infarto con elevación del segmento ST. De ellos, se demostró en 545 bloqueo de rama: 318 (58.3%) tuvieron bloqueo de rama derecha y 227 (41.6%) bloqueo de rama izquierda. Fueron comparados en términos de mortalidad hospitalaria y eventos cardiovasculares mayores adversos. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para identificar mortalidad hospitalaria a través de eventos mayores entre pacientes con ambos bloqueos de rama. Resultados: No hubo deferencia estadísticamente significativa en ambos grupos en relación con características basales, tiempo de isquemia, localización del infarto, disfunción ventricular o estrategia de reperfusión utilizada. Los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio de cualquier localización y bloqueo de rama derecha tuvieron mayor tendencia para mortalidad hospitalaria y eventos cardiovasculares mayores (OR 1.70, IC 1.19-2.42, p < 0.003) vs. pacientes con bloqueo de rama izquierda. Conclusión: En el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, el bloqueo de rama derecha fue un predictor independiente de alta mortalidad hospitalaria.

A proposed functional clinical classification predicts in-hospital and long-term survival in the setting of acute right ventricular infarction / Propuesta de una clasificación funcional y clínica para predecir la sobrevida intrahospitalaria y a largo plazo de enfermos con infarto agudo del ventrículo derecho

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present investigation were to validate the prognostic role of a proposed Clinical Classification [CC], to evaluate the TIMI risk score [RS] and to establish whether the TIMI-RS should incorporate points for patients with acute right ventricular infarction [TIMI-RS-RVI]. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 523 RVI patients were classified on clinical and functional basis as: A, without right ventricular failure [RVF], B with RVF and C with cardiogenic shock. The CC was evaluated prospectively among 98 patients with RVI and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The TIMI-RS was evaluated prospectively among 622 patients with STEMI [anterior:277, inferior:247, RVI:98], and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The CC established differences among the 3-RVI Classes for in-hospital mortality [prospectively and retrospectively; p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively] that were maintained at 8 years [p < 0.001]. Patients with anterior and inferior STEMI, but not those with RVI revealed an association between outcome and TIMI-RS [p<0.001]. Testing for TIMI-RS-RVI did not result a good prognostic tool [ROC=0.9; excellent discrimination, but with a very poor [quot ]clinical calibration[quot ]]. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed CC allowed prediction of mortality at short- and long-term in the setting of acute RVI. The role of the TIMI-RS should be reevaluated prospectively as a prognostic tool in the scenario of RVI patients.

A proposed functional clinical classification predicts in-hospital and long-term survival in the setting of acute right ventricular infarction.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present investigation were to validate the prognostic role of a proposed Clinical Classification [CC], to evaluate the TIMI risk score [RS] and to establish whether the TIMI-RS should incorporate points for patients with acute right ventricular infarction [TIMI-RS-RVI]. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 523 RVI patients were classified on clinical and functional basis as: A, without right ventricular failure [RVF], B with RVF and C with cardiogenic shock. The CC was evaluated prospectively among 98 patients with RVI and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The TIMI-RS was evaluated prospectively among 622 patients with STEMI [anterior:277, inferior:247, RVI:98], and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The CC established differences among the 3-RVI Classes for in-hospital mortality [prospectively and retrospectively; p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively] that were maintained at 8 years [p < 0.001]. Patients with anterior and inferior STEMI, but not those with RVI revealed an association between outcome and TIMI-RS [p<0.001]. Testing for TIMI-RS-RVI did not result a good prognostic tool [ROC=0.9; excellent discrimination, but with a very poor "clinical calibration"]. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed CC allowed prediction of mortality at short- and long-term in the setting of acute RVI. The role of the TIMI-RS should be reevaluated prospectively as a prognostic tool in the scenario of RVI patients.

[ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Pharmaco-mechanic strategy is the universal treatment future?]. / Síndromes isquémicos coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST. La estrategiafarmacomecánica es el futuro del tratamiento universal?

The main objective in the medical treatment of the ST elevation acute myocardial infarction, must have the intention to reperfuse the culprit involved artery. In order to reduce this time, the pharmaco-invasive strategy may offer rapid flow recanalization in the culprit artery and reduce the damage of the myocardium. The new pharmacologic combinations includes half dose of fibrinolytics, alone or in combination with IIb/IIIa inhibitors, this combination may offer advantages of the flow. This concept involves the that PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Interventions), can be done in a subsequent time. The risk of bleeding is increased with this strategy, and some evaluation or bleeding risk must be done in all patients, as in patients with 75 years and older.

Síndromes isquémicos coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST. La estrategiafarmacomecánica es el futuro del tratamiento universal? / ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Pharmaco-mechanic strategy is the universal treatment future?

The main objective in the medical treatment of the ST elevation acute myocardial infarction, must have the intention to reperfuse the culprit involved artery. In order to reduce this time, the pharmaco-invasive strategy may offer rapid flow recanalization in the culprit artery and reduce the damage of the myocardium. The new pharmacologic combinations includes half dose of fibrinolytics, alone or in combination with IIb/IIIa inhibitors, this combination may offer advantages of the flow. This concept involves the that PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Interventions), can be done in a subsequent time. The risk of bleeding is increased with this strategy, and some evaluation or bleeding risk must be done in all patients, as in patients with 75 years and older.

[Mortality in cardiogenic shock]. / Choque cardiogénico. Las variables de mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is one of principal causes of mortality after an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The objective of this study was to determine the principal causes that contribute to an increase in mortality in CS. METHODS: We studied 155 consecutive patients with CS admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez from 1990-2002. RESULTS: Patients older than 60 years with MI and diabetes mellitus presented a higher cardiovascular mortality (p<0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures decreased the cardiovascular mortaly in CS as compared to those patients not submmitted to PCI (59% vs. 98%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality due to CS is still very high (80%). Previous MI and diabetes favor short-term mortality and the use of PCI suggests a clinical favourable trend in the reduction of mortality due to CS. PCI appears to be the most appropriate reperfusion procedure for treating CS.