Association of heart rate and blood pressure among European adolescents with usual food consumption: The HELENA study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In adults, there is some evidence that improving diet reduces blood pressure (BP) and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, studies that analyse this association in adolescents are still scarce. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between heart rate, systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) among European adolescents and usual intake of vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, fish, high-sugar foods and savoury snacks. METHODS AND RESULTS: In total, 2283 adolescents from the HELENA-study (12.5-17.5 years old; 1253 girls) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using two computerized 24-hour dietary recalls. Age, sex, body mass index, maternal educational level, physical activity and Tanner stage were considered as confounders. Associations were examined by mixed model analysis stratified by sex. Tests for trend were assessed by tertiles of intake while controlling for the aforementioned confounders. Dairy products and fish intake were negatively associated with BP and heart rate. Significant decreasing trends were observed for heart rate and BP across tertiles of dairy products, fish intake and high-sugar foods intake (p < 0.05). Significant increasing trends were observed for SBP and MAP across tertiles of savoury snack intake (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Significant but small inverse associations between fish and dairy products consumption with blood pressure and heart rate have been found in European adolescents. Dietary intervention studies are needed to explore these associations in the context of the modification of several risk factors for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Combined effects of interaction between physical activity and nutrition on bone health in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Osteoporosis is a major public health concern worldwide. Understanding the roles of diet and physical activity in ensuring adequate bone mass accrual during childhood and adolescence may help identify strategies to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures later in life. OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review was conducted to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the combined effects of physical activity and diet on bone mass accrual in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained via searches of the PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and ISI Web of Science databases. STUDY SELECTION: Studies published in English and Spanish between 1887 and August 2013 were eligible for inclusion. Two investigators evaluated the studies against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 14 studies (7 cross-sectional and 7 experimental) were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION: The Pedro score and the Black and Down's checklist were used to evaluate the methodological quality of the experimental and the cross-sectional studies, respectively. Study characteristics were summarized in accordance with the review's PICO criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Significant exercise-by-calcium interaction was detected at several different bone sites. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of cross-sectional studies were inconsistent, the results of randomized controlled trials showed that exercise has the potential to improve bone health under conditions of adequate calcium intake.

Do calcium and vitamin D intake influence the effect of cycling on bone mass through adolescence? / ¿Influye la ingesta de calcio y vitamina D en el efecto del ciclismo sobre la masa ósea durante la adolescencia?

INTRODUCTION: Cycling has been associated with decreased bone mass during adolescence. Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VitD) intake are associated to bone mass and may be important confounders when studying bone mass.AIM: To clarify the effect that Ca and VitD may have on bone mass in adolescent cyclists. METHODS: Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of 39 male adolescents (20 cyclists) were measured. Ca and VitD intake were also registered. Different ANCOVA analyses were performed in order to evaluate the influence of Ca and VitD on BMC and BMD. RESULTS: Cyclists showed lower values of BMC and BMD than controls at several sites and when adjusting by Ca, Wards triangle BMD appeared also to be lower in cyclists than controls. CONCLUSION: Nutritional aspects might partially explain differences regarding bone mass in adolescent cyclists and should be taken into account inbone mass analysis as important confounders (AU)

Introducción: El ciclismo se ha asociado con un descenso de la masa ósea durante la adolescencia. La ingesta de calcio (Ca) y vitamina D (VitD) repercute sobre la masa ósea llegando a ser factores de confusión importantes al estudiarla. Objetivo: Clarificar el efecto que el Ca y la VitD pueden tener sobre la masa ósea de ciclistas adolescentes. Métodos: se midió el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de 39 varones adolescentes (20 ciclistas). También se registró la ingesta de Ca y VitD. Se realizaron distintos análisis ANCOVA para evaluar la influencia del Ca y la VitD sobre el CMO y la DMO. Resultados: Los ciclistas mostraron menores valores de CMO y DMO que los controles en diversas zonas y, cuando se ajustó por Ca, la DMO del triángulo de Wards también pasó a ser menor en los ciclistas que en los controles. Conclusión: Los aspectos nutricionales podrían explicar en parte las diferencias de masa ósea en ciclistas adolescentes y deberían tenerse en cuenta en el análisis de masa ósea como factores de confusión importantes (AU)

The nutritional status in adolescent Spanish cyclists / Estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes españoles

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is an important period of nutritional vulnerability due to the increased dietary requirements. Objective: To describe the nutritional status of adolescent cyclist and a group of normoactive controls. METHODS: The HELENA Dietary Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the nutritional intake of 20 adolescent cyclists and 17 controls. Total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), total energy expenditure (TEE), macronutrients and several micronutrients were registered and compared with dietary guidelines. RESULTS: REE was lower and TEE higher in cyclists than in controls (both P < 0.01). Significant differences were observed in phosphorus and vitamin B1 being higher in cyclists (P < 0.05). Most participants, both cyclist and controls, did not reach the diet requirements for macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status of adolescent cyclists and controls seems not to fulfil the requirements in quantity and quality. Possible implications for actual and future health especially in athlete adolescents need further research (AU)

Introducción: La adolescencia es un periodo importante de vulnerabilidad nutricional dados las mayores demandas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir el estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes y de un grupo de controles con actividad normal. Métodos: Se utilizó la Herramienta de Evaluación Alimentaria HELENA para evaluar la ingesta nutricional de 20 ciclistas adolescentes y 17 controles. Se registraron la ingesta total de energía, el gasto de energía en reposo (GER), el gasto de energía total (GET), los macronutrientes y diversos micronutrientes y se compararon con las guías dietéticas. Resultados: El GER fue menor y el GTE mayor en los ciclistas que en los controles (ambos P < 0,01). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el fósforo y la vitamina B1, siendo mayores en los ciclistas (P < 0,05). La mayor parte de los participantes, tanto ciclistas como controles, no alcanzó los requerimientos en macronutrientes, vitaminas ni minerales. Conclusión: El estado nutritivo de los adolescentes ciclistas y de los controles parece no adecuarse a las recomendaciones de cantidad y calidad. Deberían investigarse las posibles implicaciones de la salud actual y futura, especialmente en los adolescentes atletas (AU)

Do calcium and vitamin D intake influence the effect of cycling on bone mass through adolescence?

INTRODUCTION: Cycling has been associated with decreased bone mass during adolescence. Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VitD) intake are associated to bone mass and may be important confounders when studying bone mass. AIM: To clarify the effect that Ca and VitD may have on bone mass in adolescent cyclists. METHODS: Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of 39 male adolescents (20 cyclists) were measured. Ca and VitD intake were also registered. Different ANCOVA analyses were performed in order to evaluate the influence of Ca and VitD on BMC and BMD. RESULTS: Cyclists showed lower values of BMC and BMD than controls at several sites and when adjusting by Ca, Wards triangle BMD appeared also to be lower in cyclists than controls. CONCLUSION: Nutritional aspects might partially explain differences regarding bone mass in adolescent cyclists and should be taken into account in bone mass analysis as important confounders.

Introducción: El ciclismo se ha asociado con un descenso de la masa ósea durante la adolescencia. La ingesta de calcio (Ca) y vitamina D (VitD) repercute sobre la masa ósea llegando a ser factores de confusión importantes al estudiarla. Objetivo: Clarificar el efecto que el Ca y la VitD pueden tener sobre la masa ósea de ciclistas adolescentes. Métodos: se midió el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de 39 varones adolescentes (20 ciclistas). También se registró la ingesta de Ca y VitD. Se realizaron distintos análisis ANCOVA para evaluar la influencia del Ca y la VitD sobre el CMO y la DMO. Resultados: Los ciclistas mostraron menores valores de CMO y DMO que los controles en diversas zonas y, cuando se ajustó por Ca, la DMO del triángulo de Wards también pasó a ser menor en los ciclistas que en los controles. Conclusión: Los aspectos nutricionales podrían explicar en parte las diferencias de masa ósea en ciclistas adolescentes y deberían tenerse en cuenta en el análisis de masa ósea como factores de confusión importantes.

The nutritional status in adolescent Spanish cyclists.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is an important period of nutritional vulnerability due to the increased dietary requirements. OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional status of adolescent cyclist and a group of normoactive controls. METHODS: The HELENA Dietary Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the nutritional intake of 20 adolescent cyclists and 17 controls. Total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), total energy expenditure (TEE), macronutrients and several micronutrients were registered and compared with dietary guidelines. RESULTS: REE was lower and TEE higher in cyclists than in controls (both P < 0.01). Significant differences were observed in phosphorus and vitamin B1 being higher in cyclists (P < 0.05). Most participants, both cyclist and controls, did not reach the diet requirements for macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status of adolescent cyclists and controls seems not to fulfil the requirements in quantity and quality. Possible implications for actual and future health especially in athlete adolescents need further research.

Introducción: La adolescencia es un periodo importante de vulnerabilidad nutricional dados las mayores demandas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir el estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes y de un grupo de controles con actividad normal. Métodos: Se utilizó la Herramienta de Evaluación Alimentaria HELENA para evaluar la ingesta nutricional de 20 ciclistas adolescentes y 17 controles. Se registraron la ingesta total de energía, el gasto de energía en reposo (GER), el gasto de energía total (GET), los macronutrientes y diversos micronutrientes y se compararon con las guías dietéticas. Resultados: El GER fue menor y el GTE mayor en los ciclistas que en los controles (ambos P < 0,01). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el fósforo y la vitamina B1, siendo mayores en los ciclistas (P < 0,05). La mayor parte de los participantes, tanto ciclistas como controles, no alcanzó los requerimientos en macronutrientes, vitaminas ni minerales. Conclusión: El estado nutritivo de los adolescentes ciclistas y de los controles parece no adecuarse a las recomendaciones de cantidad y calidad. Deberían investigarse las posibles implicaciones de la salud actual y futura, especialmente en los adolescentes atletas.