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ObjectiveTo investigate symptom reporting following the first and second COVID-19 vaccine doses, attribution of symptoms to the vaccine, and factors associated with symptom reporting. MethodsProspective cohort study (T1: 13-15 January 2021, T2: 4-15 October 2021). Participants were aged 18 years or older, living in the UK. Personal, clinical, and psychological factors were investigated at T1. Symptoms were reported at T2. We used logistic regression analyses to investigate associations. ResultsAfter the first COVID-19 vaccine dose, 74.1% (95% CI 71.4% to 76.7%, n=762/1028) of participants reported at least one injection-site symptom, while 65.0% (95% CI 62.0% to 67.9%, n=669/1029) reported at least one other (non-injection-site) symptom. Symptom reporting was associated with being a woman and younger. After the second dose, 52.9% (95% CI 49.8% to 56.0%, n=532/1005) of participants reported at least one injection-site symptom and 43.7% (95% CI 40.7% to 46.8%, n=440/1006) reported at least one other (non-injection-site) symptom. Symptom reporting was associated with having reported symptoms after the first dose, having an illness that put one at higher risk of COVID-19 (non-injection-site symptoms only), and not believing that one had enough information about COVID-19 to make an informed decision about vaccination (injection-site symptoms only). ConclusionsWomen and younger people were more likely to report symptoms from vaccination. People who had reported symptoms from previous doses were also more likely to report symptoms subsequently, although symptom reporting following the second vaccine was lower than following the first vaccine. Few psychological factors were associated with symptom reporting. HighlightsO_LIWe measured symptom reporting and attributions from the COVID-19 vaccines. C_LIO_LIA prospective cohort study was used (T1: January 2021, T2: October 2021). C_LIO_LIWomen and younger people were more likely to report side effects. C_LIO_LISide effects reporting after the first and second dose was strongly associated. C_LI
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ObjectivesTo investigate UK parents vaccination intention at a time when COVID-19 vaccination was available to some children. Study designData reported are from the second wave of a prospective cohort study. MethodsOnline survey of 270 UK parents (conducted 4-15 October 2021). At this time, vaccination was available to 16- and 17-year-olds and had become available to 12- to 15- year-olds two weeks prior. We asked participants whose child had not yet been vaccinated how likely they were to vaccinate their child for COVID-19. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate factors associated with intention. Parents were also asked for their main reasons behind vaccination intention. Open-ended responses were analysed using content analysis. ResultsParental vaccination intention was mixed (likely: 39.3%, 95% CI 32.8%, 45.7%; uncertain: 33.9%, 27.7%, 40.2%; unlikely: 26.8%, 20.9%, 32.6%). Intention was associated with: parental COVID-19 vaccination status; greater perceived necessity and social norms regarding COVID-19 vaccination; greater COVID-19 threat appraisal; and lower vaccine safety and novelty concerns. In those who intended to vaccinate their child, the main reasons for doing so were to protect the child and others. In those who did not intend to vaccinate their child, the main reason was safety concerns. ConclusionsParent COVID-19 vaccination and psychological factors explained a large percentage of the variance in vaccination intention for ones child. How fluctuating infection rates, more children being vaccinated, and the UKs reliance on vaccination as a strategy to live with COVID-19 may impact parents intention to vaccinate their child requires further study.
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BackgroundWe investigated factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake, future vaccination intentions, and changes in beliefs and attitudes over time. MethodsProspective cohort study. 1500 participants completed an online survey in January 2021 (T1, start of vaccine rollout in the UK), of whom 1148 (response rate 76{middle dot}5%) completed another survey in October 2021 (T2, all UK adults offered two vaccine doses). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with subsequent vaccine uptake. Content analysis was used to investigate the main reasons behind future vaccine intentions (T2). Changes in beliefs and attitudes were investigated using analysis of variance. FindingsAt T2, 90{middle dot}0% (95% CI 88{middle dot}2%-91{middle dot}7%) of participants had received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 2{middle dot}2% (95% CI 1{middle dot}3%-3{middle dot}0%) had received one dose, and 7{middle dot}4% (95% CI 5{middle dot}9%-8{middle dot}9%) had not been vaccinated. Uptake was associated with higher intention to be vaccinated at T1, greater perceived vaccination social norms, necessity of vaccination, and perceived safety of the vaccine. People who had initiated vaccination reported being likely to complete it, while those who had not yet received a vaccine reported being unlikely to be vaccinated in the future. At T2, participants perceived greater susceptibility to, but lower severity of, COVID-19 (p<0.001), than T1. Perceived safety and adequacy of vaccine information were higher (p<0.001). InterpretationTargeting modifiable beliefs about the safety and effectiveness of vaccination may increase uptake. FundingData collection was funded by a Keele University Faculty of Natural Sciences Research Development award and a Kings COVID Appeal Fund award. Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSCOVID-19 vaccination intention was high at the start of the vaccine rollout in the UK. Research suggests that psychosocial factors are associated with vaccine uptake. However, most research on uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine has investigated factors associated with vaccination intention, and used a cross-sectional design. Added value of this studyWe used a prospective cohort study (T1 conducted in January 2021, the start of the UK vaccine rollout; T2 conducted in October 2021, all UK adults offered two vaccine doses) to investigate factors associated with subsequent COVID-19 vaccination. Qualitative data on the main supporting reasons for future vaccination intentions in those partially or not vaccinated were analysed using content analysis. Changes in vaccine beliefs and attitudes (generally and COVID-19 specific) were also analysed. Implications of all the available evidenceIn our sample, more people reported having been vaccinated than had previously reported intending to be vaccinated. Vaccine uptake was strongly associated with previous vaccination intention, perceived social norms of vaccination, and greater perceived necessity and safety of vaccination. Those who had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine reported being likely to complete the schedule, whereas those who had not received a vaccine reported being unlikely to receive a vaccine.
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AimTo investigate factors associated with intention to have the COVID-19 vaccination following initiation of the UK national vaccination programme. Methods1,500 adults completed an online cross-sectional survey (13th-15th January 2021). Linear regression analyses were used to investigate associations between intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 and sociodemographic factors, previous influenza vaccination, attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19, attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination and vaccination in general. Participants main reasons for likely vaccination uptake/decline were also solicited. Results73.5% of participants (95% CI 71.2%, 75.7%) reported being likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19, 17.3% were unsure (95% CI 15.4%, 19.3%), and 9.3% (95% CI 7.9%, 10.8%) reported being unlikely to be vaccinated. The full regression model explained 69.8% of the variance in intention. Intention was associated with having been/intending to be vaccinated for influenza last winter/this winter, and with stronger beliefs about social acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine; the need for vaccination; adequacy of information about the vaccine; and weaker beliefs that the vaccine is unsafe. Beliefs that only those at serious risk of illness should be vaccinated and that the vaccines are just a means for manufacturers to make money were negatively associated with vaccination intention. ConclusionsMost participants reported being likely to get the COVID-19 vaccination. COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and beliefs are a crucial factor underpinning vaccine intention. Continued engagement with the public with a focus on the importance and safety of vaccination is recommended.
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We investigated likelihood of having the seasonal influenza vaccination in 645 participants who were eligible for the vaccination in the UK. 55.8% indicated they were likely to have the vaccination. Previous research suggests that increasing uptake of the influenza vaccination may help contain a COVID-19 outbreak, so steps need to be taken to convert intention into behaviour and to reach the 23.9% who were unlikely to have the vaccination and the 20.3% who were unsure.
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AimTo investigate factors associated with intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19. MethodsOnline cross-sectional survey of 1,500 UK adults, recruited from an existing online research panel. Data were collected between 14th and 17th July 2020. We used linear regression analyses to investigate associations between intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 "when a vaccine becomes available to you" and socio-demographic factors, previous influenza vaccination, general vaccine attitudes and beliefs, attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19, and attitudes and beliefs about a COVID-19 vaccination. Results64% of participants reported being likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19; 27% were unsure and 9% reported being unlikely to be vaccinated. Personal and clinical characteristics, previous influenza vaccination, general vaccination beliefs, and beliefs and attitudes about COVID-19 and a COVID-19 vaccination explained 77% of the variance in vaccination intention. Intention to be vaccinated was associated with more positive general COVID-19 vaccination beliefs and attitudes, weaker beliefs that the vaccination would cause side effects or be unsafe, greater perceived information sufficiency to make an informed decision about COVID-19 vaccination, greater perceived risk of COVID-19 to others but not oneself, older age, and having been vaccinated for influenza last winter (2019/20). ConclusionsDespite uncertainty around the details of a COVID-19 vaccination, most participants reported intending to be vaccinated for COVID-19. Actual uptake will likely be lower. Vaccination intention reflects general vaccine beliefs and attitudes. Campaigns and messaging about a COVID-19 vaccination should emphasize the risk of COVID-19 to others and necessity for everyone to be vaccinated.
