ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic position early in life and physical activity during adulthood. This systematic review aimed to summarize this evidence. METHODS: Medline and EMBASE were searched for studies that assessed socioeconomic position before age 18 years and physical activity at age ≥18 years. Studies were rated according to three key methodological quality criteria: (1) was childhood socioeconomic position assessed prospectively? (2) Was socioeconomic position during adulthood included in the statistical analysis? (3) Was a validated instrument used to measure of physical activity? RESULTS: Forty-two publications were included. Twenty-six (61.9 %) found a significant association between socioeconomic position early in life and physical activity during adulthood. Twenty-one studies met at least two methodological quality criteria. Among those, the proportion was higher: 15/21 (71.4 %). Associations were of weak to moderate strength, positive for physical activity during leisure time, and negative for transports and work. CONCLUSIONS: The bulk of the evidence supports the notion that there is a life course association between socioeconomic position early in life and physical activity during adulthood. Studies using more rigorous methodology supported this conclusion more consistently.
Subject(s)
Exercise , Leisure Activities , Social Class , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Public Health , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyse and compare the workload exerted by professional cyclists in 5-day, 8-day and 21-day stage races (5-SR, 8-SR, 21-SR). METHODS: The study subjects were 30 professional cyclists competing in 10 5-SR, 5 8-SR and 5 21-SR. Heart rate (HR) was measured during the races and categorised into three intensity zones: Z1 (below the ventilatory threshold (VT)), Z2 (between VT and the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT)) and Z3 (above RCT). The training impulse (TRIMP) was calculated by multiplying the sum of the time spent in each zone by 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Monotony (average TRIMP/SD) and strain (total TRIMPxmonotony) were also calculated for each race type. RESULTS: The average time spent in Z3 during each stage was significantly (p<0.05) higher for 5-SR ( approximately 31 min) and 8-SR ( approximately 28 min) than for 21-SR ( approximately 14 min). Daily TRIMP values in 5-SR ( approximately 400) and 8-SR ( approximately 395) were also higher than in 21-SR ( approximately 370). Monotony was similar across races ( approximately 3) but strain was about three times higher for 21-SR than for 5-SR and 8-SR. CONCLUSIONS: The cyclists' effort by stage was less for 21-SR than for 5-SR and 8-SR. Competition strain and monotony accumulated during longer races influence the choice of strategies adopted by cyclists. It is likely that the intensity of each stage is modulated by total race duration, with longer races averaging the lowest daily workload.
