ABSTRACT
The isolation and culture of single floating myofibers with their adjacent muscle stem cells allow the analysis and comparison of muscle stem cells from aged and young mice. This method has the advantage that muscle stem cells are cultured on the myofiber, thereby culturing them in conditions as close to their endogenous niche as possible. Here we describe the isolation, culture, transfection with siRNA, and subsequent immunostaining for muscle stem cells on their adjacent myofibers from aged and young mice.
Subject(s)
Adult Stem Cells/cytology , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology , Muscle, Skeletal/cytology , Adult Stem Cells/metabolism , Aging , Animals , Antibodies , Cell Differentiation , Collagenases , Immunophenotyping , Mice , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , MyoD Protein/immunology , MyoD Protein/metabolism , PAX7 Transcription Factor/immunology , PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism , Transfection , WorkflowABSTRACT
Axonal surface proteins encompass a group of heterogeneous molecules, which exert a variety of different functions in the highly interdependent relationship between axons and Schwann cells. We recently revealed that the tumour suppressor protein merlin, mutated in the hereditary tumour syndrome neurofibromatosis type 2, impacts significantly on axon structure maintenance in the peripheral nervous system. We now report on a role of neuronal merlin in the regulation of the axonal surface protein neuregulin 1 important for modulating Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Specifically, neuregulin 1 type III expression is reduced in sciatic nerve tissue of neuron-specific knockout animals as well as in biopsies from seven patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. In vitro experiments performed on both the P19 neuronal cell line and primary dorsal root ganglion cells demonstrate the influence of merlin on neuregulin 1 type III expression. Moreover, expression of ERBB2, a Schwann cell receptor for neuregulin 1 ligands is increased in nerve tissue of both neuron-specific merlin knockout animals and patients with neurofibromatosis type 2, demonstrating for the first time that axonal merlin indirectly regulates Schwann cell behaviour. Collectively, we have identified that neuronally expressed merlin can influence Schwann cell activity in a cell-extrinsic manner.
Subject(s)
Neuregulin-1/physiology , Neurofibromin 2/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis , Schwann Cells/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Adult , Aged , Animals , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Female , Humans , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , Middle Aged , Neurofibromatosis 2/metabolism , Neurofibromatosis 2/pathology , Neurons/pathology , Schwann Cells/pathologyABSTRACT
The autosomal dominant disorder neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a hereditary tumor syndrome caused by inactivation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene, encoding merlin. Apart from tumors affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems, most NF2 patients develop peripheral neuropathies. This peripheral nerve disease can occur in the absence of nerve-damaging tumors, suggesting an etiology that is independent of gross tumor burden. We discovered that merlin isoform 2 (merlin-iso2) has a specific function in maintaining axonal integrity and propose that reduced axonal NF2 gene dosage leads to NF2-associated polyneuropathy. We identified a merlin-iso2-dependent complex that promotes activation of the GTPase RhoA, enabling downstream Rho-associated kinase to promote neurofilament heavy chain phosphorylation. Merlin-iso2-deficient mice exhibited impaired locomotor capacities, delayed sensory reactions and electrophysiological signs of axonal neuropathy. Sciatic nerves from these mice and sural nerve biopsies from NF2 patients revealed reduced phosphorylation of the neurofilament H subunit, decreased interfilament spacings and irregularly shaped axons.
