Analysis of spatial perception and the influencing factors of attractions in Southwest China's ethnic minority areas: The case of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture.

As standards of material living continue to improve and urbanization advances, an increasing number of remote ethnic minority areas are becoming tourist destinations. Understanding tourists' perceptions on a large scale is thus crucial for the development of the regional tourism industry. However, traditional research methods suffer from high costs, small sample sizes, and low efficiency, making it difficult to measure the spatial perception of remote areas on a large scale. This study constructs a research framework for spatial perception measurement of remote ethnic minority areas by collecting reviews data from Ctrip using spatiotemporal data calculation and the Geodetector model. We considered Dali Prefecture as an empirical case and analyzed tourists' perceptions of the area's attractions, the spatial distribution of the attractions, and the process of change in the explanatory power of their influencing factors over an eight-year period (2014-2021). The results indicated that the most visited attractions were concentrated in Dali City. The perception of humanistic resources (attractions) with historical value was the highest, followed by natural resources. The high perception of attractions was influenced by the level of tourism development, traffic accessibility and attractiveness, and had an increasing influence on tourists' perceptions over time. Additionally, changes in the mode of transportation from road to high-speed rail played an important role in the selection of tourist attractions. Conversely, the tourists paid relatively less attention to humanistic resources (e.g., national cultural heritage protection units and traditional villages). Our study provides a basis for the measurement of spatial perception in remote minority areas and can be used as a reference for tourism development planning in Dali Prefecture, thus promoting the sustainable development of tourism in the area.

Restorative perception of urban streets: Interpretation using deep learning and MGWR models.

Restorative environments help people recover from mental fatigue and negative emotional and physical reactions to stress. Excellent restorative environments in urban streets help people focus and improve their daily behavioral performance, allowing them to regain efficient information processing skills and cognitive levels. High-density urban spaces create obstacles in resident interactions with the natural environment. For urban residents, the restorative function of the urban space is more important than that of the natural environment in the suburbs. An urban street is a spatial carrier used by residents on a daily basis; thus, the urban street has considerable practical value in terms of improving the urban environment to have effective restorative function. Thus, in this study, we explored a method to determine the perceived restorability of urban streets using street view data, deep learning models, and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. We performed an empirical study in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen, China. Nanshan District is a typical high-density city area in China with a large population and limited urban resources. Using the street view images of the study area, a deep learning scoring model was developed, the SegNet algorithm was introduced to segment and classify the visual street elements, and a random forest algorithm based on the restorative factor scale was employed to evaluate the restorative perception of urban streets. In this study, spatial heterogeneity could be observed in the restorative perception data, and the MGWR models yielded higher R 2 interpretation strength in terms of processing the urban street restorative data compared to the ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. The MGWR model is a regression model that uses different bandwidths for different visual street elements, thereby allowing additional detailed observation of the extent and relevance of the impact of different elements on restorative perception. Our research also supports the exploration of the size of areas where heterogeneity exists in space for each visual street element. We believe that our results can help develop informed design guidelines to enhance street restorative and help professionals develop targeted design improvement concepts based on the restorative nature of the urban street.

Measuring Perceived Psychological Stress in Urban Built Environments Using Google Street View and Deep Learning.

An urban built environment is an important part of the daily lives of urban residents. Correspondingly, a poor design can lead to psychological stress, which can be harmful to their psychological and physical well-being. The relationship between the urban built environment and the perceived psychological stress of residents is a significant in many disciplines. Further research is needed to determine the stress level experienced by residents in the built environment on a large scale and identify the relationship between the visual components of the built environment and perceived psychological stress. Recent developments in big data and deep learning technology mean that the technical support required to measure the perceived psychological stress of residents has now become available. In this context, this study explored a method for a rapid and large-scale determination of the perceived psychological stress among urban residents through a deep learning approach. An empirical study was conducted in Gangnam District, Seoul, South Korea, and the SegNet deep learning algorithm was used to segment and classify the visual elements of street views. In addition, a human-machine adversarial model using random forest as a framework was employed to score the perception of the perceived psychological stress in the built environment. Consequently, we found a strong spatial autocorrelation in the perceived psychological stress in space, with more low-low clusters in the urban traffic arteries and riverine areas in Gangnam district and more high-high clusters in the commercial and residential areas. We also analyzed the street view images for three types of stress perception (i.e., low, medium and high) and obtained the percentage of each street view element combination under different stresses. Using multiple linear regression, we found that walls and buildings cause psychological stress, whereas sky, trees and roads relieve it. Our analytical study integrates street view big data with deep learning and proposes an innovative method for measuring the perceived psychological stress of residents in the built environment. The research methodology and results can be a reference for urban planning and design from a human centered perspective.