Association of Survival Benefit With Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer and Total Number of Cycles Administered: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Mainsail Study.

IMPORTANCE: The optimal total number of docetaxel cycles in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC) has not been investigated yet. It is unknown whether it is beneficial for patients to continue treatment upon 6 cycles. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the number of docetaxel cycles administered to patients deriving clinical benefit was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in a post hoc analysis of the Mainsail trial. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Mainsail trial was a multinational randomized phase 3 study of 1059 patients with mCRPC receiving docetaxel, prednisone, and lenalidomide (DPL) or docetaxel, prednisone, and a placebo (DP). Study patients were treated until progressive disease or unacceptable adverse effects occurred. Median OS was found to be inferior in the DPL arm compared with the DP arm. As a result of increased toxic effects with the DPL combination, patients on DPL received fewer docetaxel cycles (median, 6) vs 8 cycles in the control group. As the dose intensity was comparable in both treatment arms, we investigated whether the number of docetaxel cycles administered to patients deriving clinical benefit on Mainsail was an independent prognostic factor for OS. We conducted primary univariate and multivariate analyses for the intention-to-treat population. Additional sensitivity analyses were done, excluding patients who stopped treatment for reasons of disease progression and those who received 4 or fewer cycles of docetaxel for other reasons, minimizing the effect of confounding factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Total number of docetaxel cycles delivered as an independent factor for OS. RESULTS: Overall, all 1059 patients from the Mainsail trial were included (mean [SD] age, 68.7 [7.89] years). Treatment with 8 or more cycles of docetaxel was associated with superior OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.909; 95% CI, 1.660-2.194; P < .001), irrespective of lenalidomide treatment (HR, 1.060; 95% CI, 0.924-1.215; P = .41). Likewise, in the sensitivity analysis, patients who received a greater number of docetaxel cycles had superior OS; patients who received more than 10 cycles had a median OS of 33.0 months compared with 26.9 months in patients treated with 8 to 10 cycles; and patients who received 5 to 7 cycles had a median OS of 22.8 months (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that continuation of docetaxel chemotherapy contributes to the survival benefit. Prospective validation is warranted.

Circulating Tumor Cells in a Phase 3 Study of Docetaxel and Prednisone with or without Lenalidomide in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer.

Elevated circulating tumor cell (CTC) blood levels (≥5 cells/7.5ml) convey a negative prognosis in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer but their prognostic significance in patients receiving chemotherapy is uncertain. The association between CTC counts (at baseline or after treatment), overall survival (OS), and response to docetaxel with lenalidomide was evaluated in a 208-patient subset from the MAINSAIL trial, which compared docetaxel-prednisone-lenalidomide and docetaxel-prednisone-placebo in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Baseline CTCs were <5 cells/7.5ml blood in 87 (42%) patients and ≥5 cells/7.5ml in 121 (58%) patients. Neither tumor response nor prostate-specific antigen response correlated with baseline CTCs. However, CTC count ≥5 cells/7.5ml was significantly associated with lower OS (hazard ratio: 3.23, p = 0.0028). Increases in CTCs from <5 cells/7.5ml to ≥5 cells/7.5ml after three cycles were associated with significantly shorter OS (hazard ratio: 5.24, p=0.025), whereas CTC reductions from ≥5 cells/7.5ml to <5 cells/7.5ml were associated with the best prognosis (p=0.003). PATIENT SUMMARY: Our study in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy, with or without lenalidomide, showed that patient survival was best predicted by circulating tumor cell count at the start of treatment. A rising circulating tumor cell count after three cycles of therapy predicted poor survival, while a decline predicted good survival.

Docetaxel and prednisone with or without lenalidomide in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MAINSAIL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have few treatment options. We investigated the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide, an immunomodulatory agent with anti-angiogenic properties, in combination with docetaxel and prednisone in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study, we randomly assigned chemotherapy-naive patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in a 1:1 ratio to receive docetaxel (75 mg/m(2)) on day 1 and prednisone (5 mg twice daily) on days 1-21 and either lenalidomide (25 mg) or placebo once daily on days 1-14 of each 21 day treatment cycle. Permuted block randomisation was done with an interactive voice response system and stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, geographic region, and type of disease progression. Clinicians, patients, and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Efficacy analysis was by intention to treat. Patients who received at least one dose of study drug were included in the safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00988208. FINDINGS: 1059 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned between Nov 11, 2009, and Nov 23, 2011 (533 to the lenalidomide group and 526 to the control group), and 1046 patients received study treatment (525 in the lenalidomide group and 521 in the placebo group). At data cutoff (Jan 13, 2012) after a median follow-up of 8 months (IQR 5-12), 221 patients had died: 129 in the lenalidomide group and 92 in the placebo group. Median overall survival was 17·7 months (95% CI 14·8-18·8) in the lenalidomide group and not reached in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·53, 95% CI 1·17-2·00, p=0·0017). The trial was subsequently closed early due to futility. The number of deaths that occurred during treatment or less than 28 days since the last dose were similar in both groups (18 [3%] of 525 patients in the lenalidomide group vs 13 [2%] of 521 patients). 109 (21%) patients in the lenalidomide group and 78 (15%) in the placebo group died more than 28 days from last dose, mainly due to disease progression. At least one grade 3 or higher adverse event was reported in 381 (73%) of 525 patients receiving lenalidomide and 303 (58%) of 521 patients receiving placebo. Grade 3-4 neutropenia (114 [22%] for lenalidomide vs 85 [16%] for placebo), febrile neutropenia (62 [12%] vs 23 [4%]), diarrhoea (37 [7%] vs 12 [2%]), pneumonia (24 [5%] vs five [1%]), dyspnoea (22 [4%] vs nine [2%]), asthenia (27 [5%] vs 17 [3%]), and pulmonary embolism (32 [6%] vs seven [1%]) occurred more frequently in the lenalidomide group than in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Overall survival with the combination of lenalidomide, docetaxel, and prednisone was significantly worse than with docetaxel and prednisone for chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Further research with this treatment combination is not warranted. FUNDING: Celgene Corporation.

Phase II open-label study to assess efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in combination with cetuximab in KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer.

UNLABELLED: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of combination treatment with lenalidomide and cetuximab in KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. This was a phase II multicenter, open-label trial comprising a safety lead-in phase (phase IIa) to determine the maximum tolerated dose, and a randomized proof of concept phase (phase IIb) to determine the response rate of lenalidomide plus cetuximab combination therapy. Phase IIa treatment comprised oral lenalidomide (starting dose 25 mg/day) and intravenous cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) followed by weekly 250 mg/m(2)) in 28-day cycles. In phase IIb patients were randomized to either the phase IIa treatment schedule of lenalidomide plus cetuximab combination therapy or lenalidomide 25 mg/day monotherapy. Eight patients were enrolled into phase IIa. One patient developed a dose-limiting toxicity and the maximum tolerated dose of lenalidomide was determined at 25 mg/day. Forty-three patients were enrolled into phase IIb proof of concept. Best response was stable disease in 9 patients and study enrollment was terminated prematurely due to lack of efficacy in both treatment arms and failure to achieve the planned response objective. The majority of adverse events were grade 1 and 2. In both phases, the adverse events most commonly attributed to any study drugs were fatigue, rash and other skin disorders, diarrhea, nausea, and stomatitis. Thirty-nine deaths occurred; none was related to study drug. The combination of lenalidomide and cetuximab appeared to be well tolerated but did not have clinically meaningful activity in KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01032291.

Immunomodulatory effects in a phase II study of lenalidomide combined with cetuximab in refractory KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients.

UNLABELLED: This study assessed the immunomodulatory effects in previously treated KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients participating in a phase II multicenter, open-label clinical trial receiving lenalidomide alone or lenalidomide plus cetuximab. The main findings show the T cell immunostimulatory properties of lenalidomide as the drug induced a decrease in the percentage CD45RA(+) naïve T cells 3-fold while increasing the percentage HLA-DR(+) activated T helper cells and percentage total CD45RO(+) CD8(+) memory T cytotoxic cells, 2.6- and 2.1-fold respectively (p<0.0001). In addition, lenalidomide decreased the percentage of circulating CD19(+) B cells 2.6-fold (p<0.0001). Lenalidomide increased a modest, yet significant, 1.4-fold change in the percentage of circulating natural killer cells. Our findings indicate that lenalidomide significantly activates T cells, suggestive of an immunotherapeutic role for this drug in settings of maintenance therapy and tumor immunity. Furthermore, reported for the first time is the effect of lenalidomide in combination with cetuximab on T cell function, including increases in circulating naïve and central memory T cells. In summary, lenalidomide and cetuximab have significant effects on circulating immune cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01032291.

A phase I study of pomalidomide (CC-4047) in combination with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: This phase I/IIA study evaluated the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and clinical benefit of pomalidomide, an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD), combined with cisplatin+etoposide chemotherapy, in treatment-naive patients with extensive-stage (ES) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS: In this multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation study, patients received 21-day cycles of oral pomalidomide (1, 3, 5, and 4 mg/day) on days 1 to 14, plus cisplatin 25 mg/m and etoposide 100 mg/m administered intravenously on days 1 to 3; the MTD was determined during cycle 1 (standard 3+3 dose-escalation design), followed by a five-cycle extension phase. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with ES SCLC, with a median age of 64.5 years received one or more doses of the study medication. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 4 cerebral ischemia and grade 5 sepsis (1-mg cohort), grade 4 transient ischemic attack (5-mg cohort), and grade 5 neutropenic infection (5-mg cohort). The MTD for pomalidomide was 4 mg/day. In the MTD phase, the most common pomalidomide-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (72.7%), nausea (45.5%), and neutropenia (40.9%); 31.8% of patients experienced pomalidomide-related serious AEs and 40.9% cisplatin/etoposide-related serious AEs. Overall response rate was 31.8% (7 of 22); these were partial responses. Stable disease and progressive disease occurred in four patients (18.2%) each. The median response duration was 12.4 weeks. Median overall survival was 49.6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Pomalidomide at the MTD of 4 mg/day plus standard cisplatin+etoposide seems safe in treatment-naive patients with ES SCLC. However, addition of pomalidomide does not seem to improve the therapeutic index of chemotherapy alone.