ABSTRACT
Impacted valgus fractures of the proximal humerus are considered to be a special type fracture, since impaction of the humeral head on the metaphysis with maintenance of the posteromedial periosteum improves the prognosis regarding occurrences of avascular necrosis. This characteristic can also facilitate the reduction maneuver and increase the consolidation rate of these fractures, even in more complex cases. The studies included were obtained by searching the Bireme, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases for those published between 1991 and 2013. The objective of this study was to identify the most common definitions, classifications and treatment methods used for these fractures in the orthopedic medical literature.
A fratura impactada em valgo do úmero proximal é considerada um tipo especial de fratura, pois a impactação metafisária da cabeça umeral, com manutenção do periósteo póstero-medial, melhora seu prognóstico quanto à ocorrência de necrose avascular. Essa característica pode, ainda, facilitar a manobra de redução e aumentar o índice de consolidação dessas fraturas, mesmo nos casos mais complexos. Os estudos incluídos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Bireme, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library e Google Scholar publicados de 1991 a 2013. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a definição, classificação e os métodos de tratamento dessas fraturas mais usados na literatura médica ortopédica.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional results from arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions through the portal described by O'Brien. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 19 shoulders in 18 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions through the O'Brien portal between November 2007 and January 2012. RESULTS: Nineteen shoulders in 18 patients were evaluated: 16 male patients (84.2%) and three female patients (15.7%). The patients' ages ranged from 27 to 40 years (mean of 34.3 years). There were 12 patients (63.1%) with injuries on the right shoulder, six (31.5%) with injuries on the left shoulder and one (5.2%) with bilateral injury. In relation to dominance, 13 patients (68.4%) presented the injury on the dominant limb and five (26.3%) were affected on the non-dominant limb. We observed that nine cases (47.3%) had SLAP lesions alone and 10 cases (52.6%) were related to glenohumeral instability. There was one case (5.2%) of recurrence of glenohumeral dislocation, but this patient chose not to undergo a new surgical intervention. According to the UCLA and ASES scales translated and adapted to the Portuguese language, 96% of the results were good or excellent. CONCLUSION: The approach for treating SLAP lesions through the portal described by O'Brien et al. is easy to reproduce, with a high rate of good and excellent results and a low complication rate.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados funcionais do reparo artroscópico da lesão SLAP pelo portal descrito por O'Brien. MÉTODOS: Foi feita avaliação retrospectiva de 19 ombros de 18 pacientes submetidos ao reparo artroscópico da lesão SLAP pelo portal de O'Brien, de novembro de 2007 a janeiro de 2012. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 19 ombros de 18 pacientes, 16 (84,2%) do sexo masculino e três (15,7%) do feminino. A idade variou de 27 a 40 anos (média de 34,3). No estudo, 12 (63,1%) pacientes tiveram lesão no ombro direito, seis (31,5%) no ombro esquerdo e houve um (5,2%) caso de lesão bilateral. Em relação à dominância, 13 (68,4%) pacientes apresentaram a lesão no membro dominante e cinco (26,3%) tiveram o membro não dominante acometido. Observamos que nove (47,3%) casos tiveram lesão SLAP isolada, 10 (52,6%) casos foram relacionados a instabilidade glenoumeral e apenas um (5,2%) caso teve recidiva da luxação glenoumeral. Esse paciente optou por não fazer nova intervenção cirúrgica. De acordo com as escalas ULCA e ASES traduzida e adaptada para a língua portuguesa, obteve-se 96% de excelentes e bons resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A abordagem da lesão SLAP pelo portal descrito por O'Brien et al. é de fácil reprodutibilidade, com alto índice de excelentes e bons resultados e baixo índice de complicações.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish anatomical parameters for the axillary nerve by measuring the distances to the acromion and the deltopectoral access, and to ascertain whether there are any differences in comparative measurements between the left and right sides. METHOD: An anatomical study on the path of the axillary nerve was conducted by dissecting 30 shoulders of 20 fresh adult cadavers. For comparative study, bilateral dissection was performed on 10 cadavers. Digital caliper gauges, accurate to the nearest 0.05 cm, were used to measure the distances between the lateral extremity of the acromion and the anterior and posterior branches of the axillary nerve, and between the deltopectoral space and the anterior branch of the axillary nerve. RESULTS: The shortest distance between the acromion and the axillary nerve was 5.47 cm, and the greatest distance was 7.06 cm. The shortest distance between the deltopectoral groove and the axillary nerve was 3.94 cm. A statistically significant difference was found using Wilcoxon's test in comparative measurements between the left and right sides for the distances between the posterior branch of the axillary nerve and the midpoint of the lateral border of the acromion (A-E), and between the anterior branch of the axillary nerve and the anterior extremity of the acromion (B-C), both of which were larger on the right side. CONCLUSIONS: The axillary nerve was situated between 5.47 and 7.06 cm distally to the acromion, and 3.94 cm laterally to the deltopectoral space. There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison between the left and right sides, and both measurements were larger on the right side.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos para o nervo axilar pelas medidas das distâncias ao acrômio e à via de acesso deltopeitoral, e verificar se há diferenças nas medidas comparativas entre os lados direito e esquerdo. MÉTODO: Realizou-se o estudo anatômico do trajeto do nervo axilar pela dissecção de 30 ombros em 20 cadáveres adultos frescos. Em 10 cadáveres foi realizada dissecção bilateral para estudo comparativo. Utilizou-se paquímetro digital com precisão de 0,05cm, mediram-se as distâncias entre a extremidade lateral do acrômio e os ramos anterior e posterior do nervo axilar e a distância entre o espaço deltopeitoral e o ramo anterior do nervo axilar. RESULTADOS: A menor distância entre o acrômio e o nervo axilar foi de 5,47cm e a maior, de 7,06cm. A menor distância entre o sulco deltopeitoral e o nervo axilar foi de 3,94cm. Houve diferença com significância estatística pelo teste de Wilcoxon nas medidas comparativas entre os lados direito e esquerdo, para as distâncias entre o ramo posterior do nervo axilar e o ponto médio da borda lateral do acrômio (A-E) e entre o ramo anterior do nervo axilar e a extremidade anterior do acrômio (B-C), ambas maiores no lado direito. CONCLUSÕES: O nervo axilar está situado entre 5,47 e 7,06cm distal ao acrômio e 3,94cm lateral ao espaço deltopeitoral. Houve diferença com significância estatística no estudo comparativo entre os lados direito e esquerdo, ambas maiores no lado direito.
OBJECTIVE: To establish anatomical parameters for the axillary nerve by measuring the distances to the acromion and the deltopectoral access, and to ascertain whether there are any differences in comparative measurements between the left and right sides. METHOD: An anatomical study on the path of the axillary nerve was conducted by dissecting 30 shoulders of 20 fresh adult cadavers. For comparative study, bilateral dissection was performed on 10 cadavers. Digital caliper gauges, accurate to the nearest 0.05 cm, were used to measure the distances between the lateral extremity of the acromion and the anterior and posterior branches of the axillary nerve, and between the deltopectoral space and the anterior branch of the axillary nerve. RESULTS: The shortest distance between the acromion and the axillary nerve was 5.47 cm, and the greatest distance was 7.06 cm. The shortest distance between the deltopectoral groove and the axillary nerve was 3.94 cm. A statistically significant difference was found using Wilcoxon's test in comparative measurements between the left and right sides for the distances between the posterior branch of the axillary nerve and the midpoint of the lateral border of the acromion (A-E), and between the anterior branch of the axillary nerve and the anterior extremity of the acromion (B-C), both of which were larger on the right side. CONCLUSIONS: The axillary nerve was situated between 5.47 and 7.06 cm distally to the acromion, and 3.94 cm laterally to the deltopectoral space. There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison between the left and right sides, and both measurements were larger on the right side.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Anatomy, Comparative , Cadaver , Weights and Measures , Shoulder/anatomy & histology , Brachial Plexus/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the surgical technique called the "parachute technique, as applied to adult patients who suffered displaced and unstable two or three-part fractures of the proximal humerus, through the clinical outcomes. METHODS: Between January 1995 and June 2006, 59 adult patients with displaced and unstable two or three-part fractures underwent operations performed by the Shoulder and Elbow Group of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo using the "parachute technique. This method consists of an intramedullary tension band and extramedullary fixation in a figure-of-eight to join the fragments of the fracture, using a 6.5-millimeter spongy screw with partial threading, a washer and two non-absorbable wires, thereby producing stable synthesis with minimal aggression to the surrounding soft tissue and not requiring any subsequent removal of material. The final shape of this synthesis is reminiscent of the shape of an open parachute. The patients had a minimum postoperative follow-up of six months. For the diagnosis, trauma series radiographic views of the shoulder were produced. The fractures were classified in accordance with the system proposed by Neer. We used the scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), to evaluate the results. RESULTS: The "parachute technique" produced good results in 47% and excellent results in 26% of the cases, according to the UCLA scores. CONCLUSION: The "parachute technique" is a safe and effective treatment for displaced and unstable two or three-part fractures of the proximal humerus.
