ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise situacional sobre o gerenciamento de resÃduos de serviços de saúde em unidades veterinárias na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. O estudo foi realizado no perÃodo de abril de 2007 a setembro de 2008. Um questionário foi elaborado e aplicado em 38 unidades veterinárias distribuÃdas pelo municÃpio de Salvador, Bahia. Os dados foram avaliados e quantificados proporcionalmente. A maioria dos estabelecimentos entrevistados (79%) não possuÃa plano de gerenciamento de resÃduos de serviços de saúde. Entre os poucos que o possuÃam, apenas 25% cumpriam as regras plenamente. Quando questionados sobre a legislação, mais da metade dos entrevistados informava não conhecer nenhuma legislação referente ao assunto e afirmava que a falta de informação é o principal motivo para o não cumprimento do gerenciamento de resÃduos de serviços de saúde. A maioria dos entrevistados informava ter interesse em cursos de capacitação para os funcionários. Adicionalmente, os dados obtidos mostraram que 63% dos estabelecimentos utilizavam empresa pública para a coleta externa dos resÃduos. Acredita-se que a realização de mais estudos, aliada a um incremento nas atividades educativas e na fiscalização dos estabelecimentos são necessários para promover a resolução do problema.
The scope of this study was to realize a situational analysis about the health solid waste management in veterinary establishments in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study was realized in the period of April 2007 to September 2008. A questionnaire was elaborated and applied in 38 veterinary unities distributed in the municipal of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The data was evaluated and quantified proportionally. The majority of the interviewed establishments (79%) did not have a plan for the management of health solid waste. Among the few that had it, only 25% follow the rules. When questioned about the legislation, more than a half informed that they were not aware of any legislation regarding the issue and declared that the lack of information was the main reason for the non-compliance to the management of health solid waste. The majority of those interviewed had interest in training courses for their staff. Additionally, it was verified that 63% of the establishments used public institutions for the collection of waste. It is believed that the realization of more studies, together with an increment in the educative activities and inspection of the establishments are necessary to promote the resolution of the problem.
El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis de la situación en la Gestión de Residuos de Servicios de Salud en las unidades veterinarias de la ciudad de Salvador, Bahia. El estudio se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 2007 y septiembre de 2008. Fue elaborado y aplicado un cuestionario a 38 unidades veterinarias distribuidas por la ciudad de Salvador, Bahia. Los datos fueron evaluados y cuantificados proporcionalmente. La mayorÃa de los establecimientos encuestados (79%) no tenÃan Plan de Gestión de Residuos de Servicios de Salud, y entre los pocos que lo tenÃan sólo el 25% cumplen plenamente con las normas. En cuanto a la legislación, más de la mitad de los encuestados informaron no saber nada de la legislación con respecto al tema y que la falta de información es la principal razón para el incumplimiento de la Gestión de Residuos de Servicios de Salud. La mayorÃa de los encuestados reportaron un interés en cursos de capacitación para los empleados. Además, los datos obtenidos mostraron que el 63% de los establecimientos utilizaban empresa pública para recoger los residuos. Se cree que otros estudios, combinado con un aumento en las actividades educativas y la supervisión de las instituciones son necesarios para promover la resolución del problema.
Subject(s)
Animals , Veterinary Medicine , Waste Management , Health Services , AnimalsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of zoonotic canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) would decrease if dogs were effectively vaccinated; however, additional data on the efficacy of canine vaccines are required for their approved preventative use. PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate vaccination outcomes using two products commercially available in Brazil, with respect to adverse reactions (reactogenicity), humoral response, disease signs, parasitism, and parasite infectiousness in naturally exposed pet dogs in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS: From 2010 to 2012, healthy dogs were vaccinated with Leishmune(®) (50 animals) or Leish-Tec(®) (50 animals). Each dog was examined to identify clinical signs during peri- and post-vaccination procedures every 2 months for 11 months to identify the presence of parasites or parasite DNA in splenic samples using culturing or PCR, respectively. Levels of anti-Leishmania IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 were quantified in sera by ELISA and infectiousness was assessed by xenodiagnosis. RESULTS: Adverse effects occurred in 2.2% (1/45) and 13.0% (6/46) of the animals in the Leishmune(®) and Leish-Tec(®) groups, respectively. IgG levels peaked on the 21st day following the first dose of Leishmune(®) and on the 21st day after the second dose of Leish-Tec(®). The final seropositivity rate for IgG was 32.5% (13/40) and 30.9% (13/42) in the Leishmune(®) and Leish-Tec(®) groups, respectively. The Leishmune(®) group presented higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2 compared to the Leish-Tec(®) group (p<0.001), and ELISA reactivity in both vaccinated groups was significantly lower (p<0.001) than in infected positive control dogs. Parasitism was observed in 12.2% (5/41) of the Leishmune(®) group, and 7.9% (3/38) of the Leish-Tec(®) group, with xenodiagnostic transmission rates of Leishmania to Lutzomyia longipalpis of 5.1% (2/39), and 5.4% (2/37), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were observed in dogs vaccinated with Leishmune(®) or Leish-Tec(®), with respect to LVC clinical aspects, parasitism, IgG seropositivity, or dog infectiousness. The Leishmune(®)-vaccinated animals presented higher levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2. The animals vaccinated with Leish-Tec(®) exhibited adverse reactions with greater frequency and severity.