Low Intraspecific Aggression Level, Cuticular Hydrocarbons, and Polydomy in the Bullet Ant.

Ants use chemical cues known as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) for both intraspecific and interspecific recognition. These compounds serve ants in distinguishing between nestmates and non-nestmates, enabling them to coexist in polydomous colonies characterized by socially connected yet spatially separated nests. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the intraspecific aggression level between nestmates and non-nestmates of the bullet ant Paraponera clavata (Fabricius, 1775), analyze and compare their CHCs, and evaluate the occurrence of polydomy in this species. We conducted aggression tests between foragers, both in laboratory and field settings. To identify the chemical profiles, we utilized gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We marked the foragers found at nest entrances and subsequently recaptured these marked ants to validate workers exchange among nests. Across all nests, a low intraspecific aggression level was observed within the same area. However, a significant difference in aggression correlated to distance between nests. Analysis of the cuticular chemical profile of P. clavata unveiled colony-specific CHCs, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Notably, we observed instances of ants from certain nests entering or exiting different nests. This behavior, in conjunction with the observed low intraspecific aggression despite differences in CHCs suggests polydomy for this species. Polydomy can offer several benefits, including risk spreading, efficient exploitation of resources, potential for colony size increasing and reduced costs associated with foraging and competition.

Hydrocarbons in Formicidae: influence of chemical footprints on ant behavioral strategies.

When an insect walks, it leaves chemical cues that derive from the arolium, a tarsal structure. These cues may contain important information about other species that occur in their community and can then mediate interactions of competition, predation, and information about resources with ants from their own colony. The compounds of these cues are released into the substrate in the form of chemical footprints. There are still few species studied, and little is known about the behavior of ants regarding these signals and how they use them in their interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the behavioral strategy of different ant species when confronted with chemical footprints left by other ants, as well as identify their compounds and their relationship with the cuticular hydrocarbon profile. The experiments were performed using a Y-maze, where in one of the arms, there were chemical footprints of their own species or of other species, and the other Y arm was footprint-free. The chemical compounds of footprints and cuticle were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that foragers of all species detect and respond to the presence of chemical cues in the form of footprints left by other ants. Foragers of all species followed footprints of individuals of the same species both nestmates and non-nestmates; however, Neoponera villosa avoided the footprints of Cephalotes borgmeieri, and C. borgmeieri avoided the footprints of the other two species. The chemical compositions of the cuticle and footprints are related to each other and are specific to each species.

Effect of thiamethoxam (organophosphate) on the flies and beetle visitation and cadaveric decomposition process

ABSTRACT Entomofauna associated with decaying cadavers may be useful in criminal investigation, either through the development of immature insects of interest or through entomological succession in corpses. These factors may vary if the insects are exposed to toxic substances that can modify the insect's developmental cycle, as well as its own occurrence, which would imply significant changes in the results of any investigation. However, there are few studies on how contamination by toxic compounds can affect the action of insects on carcasses and their consequence for forensic expertise. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the normal visitation of flies and beetles is altered in insecticide-contaminated carcasses. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane plantation, using pig carcasses contaminated with insecticide and the same number of carcasses without any type of contamination as a control. In all experiments, the contaminated carcasses reached the final phase of decomposition in a longer time than the uncontaminated carcasses of the control group. A total of 2.767 specimens were collected and identified, 2.103 individuals from the order Diptera and 664 from the order Coleoptera. There was a significant geometric regression adjustment during the decomposition phases only for the control group, different from the contaminated carcasses in which this pattern did not occur. Results show that contamination by insecticide alters decomposition time and phase, altering the action of flies and beetles, affecting the abundance, composition of species as well as their activities, which can alter the data used by experts in criminal experts.

Integração entre instituição de ensino e serviço no matriciamento em saúde mental: percepção dos matriciadores / Integration between educational institutions and services in the mental health support matrix: perception of professions involved in matrix support / Integración entre institución educativa y servicio en la organización matricial en salud mental: percepción de los profesionales

Objetivo: verificar a percepção dos profissionais matriciadores sobre o matriciamento em saúde mental desenvolvido por meio de integração entre instituição de ensino e serviço de saúde. Método: estudo exploratório qualitativo realizado com seis profissionais matriciadores de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial e um Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição envolvida. Resultados: destacam-se percepções positivas, como melhorias no relacionamento/comunicação, qualificação da assistência, diminuição de encaminhamentos das estratégias saúde da família para o serviço especializado, sensibilização dos profissionais sobre cuidado em saúde mental, melhorias no acolhimento/estratificação de risco, elaboração de projeto terapêutico singular, avanço na superação do modelo biomédico e maior autonomia profissional. Contudo, encontrou-se dificuldades para realização do matriciamento, a saber, baixa adesão dos matriciados e sobrecarga de trabalho. Considerações finais: o matriciamento em saúde mental a partir da integração ensino e serviço vem contribuindo para desconstrução do modelo biomédico e reflitindo positivamente na prática dos matriciadores.

Objective: to discover how mental health matrix support through integration between educational institutions and health services is perceived by the professions involved in that support matrix. Method: this exploratory, qualitative study of six support matrix professionals at a Psychosocial Care Center and a Family Health Support Center was conducted through semi-structured interviews, after approval by the research ethics committee of the institution involved. Results: prominent positive perceptions included improved relationships/communication, better-informed care, fewer referrals to specialized services by family health strategy teams, greater sensitivity towards mental health care, improved receptiveness/risk stratification, formulation of individualized therapeutic plans, progress in surpassing the biomedical model, and greater professional autonomy. However, difficulties were encountered in introducing matrix-based support: poor adherence by matrix support staffs and overwork. Final remarks: matrix support for mental health care integration of teaching and health services has been helping to deconstruct the biomedical model and is reflecting positively in the practice of those involved in the support matrix.

Objetivo: verificar la percepción de los profesionales sobre la organización matricial en salud mental desarrollada mediante la integración entre institución educativa y servicio de salud. Método: estudio exploratorio cualitativo realizado junto a seis profesionales de un Centro de Atención Psicosocial y un Centro de Apoyo a la Salud de la Familia por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas previa aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación de la institución involucrada. Resultados: resaltan percepciones positivas, como mejoras en el relacionamiento/comunicación, cualificación del cuidado, reducción de derivación de las estrategias de salud de la familia al servicio especializado, concientización de los profesionales sobre el cuidado en salud mental, mejoras en la acogida/estratificación del riesgo, elaboración del proyecto terapéutico singular, avance en la superación de modelo biomédico y mayor autonomía profesional. Sin embargo, se encontraron dificultades para realizar la organización matricial debido a la baja adherencia de los profesionales y la sobrecarga de trabajo. Consideraciones finales: la organización matricial en salud mental basada en la integración de la enseñanza y los servicios ha contribuido a la deconstrucción del modelo biomédico, mejorando la práctica de esos profesionales de organización matricial.

Prevalência de dores nas costas em adultos praticantes de atividade física: estudo de base populacional / Prevalence of back pain in adults practicing physical activity: a population-based study

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a prevalência de indivíduos que praticam atividade física com dores nas costas e a prevalência de dores nas costas em cada modalidade de atividade física praticada por adultos. Foram utilizadas as informações dos indivíduos selecionados para responder o questionário individual da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). A amostra do presente estudo foi composta 15043 indivíduos, com faixa de idade entre 18 e 59 anos de idade, praticantes de atividades físicas, que responderam todas as questões selecionadas. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada de maneira descritiva, para análise da prevalência de indivíduos adultos ativos fisicamente com dores nas costas e, ainda, entre os praticantes de cada modalidade de atividade física relatada, com as respectivas frequências e intervalos de confiança. Nos resultados foram apresentados valores de 2055 (15,9%) indivíduos adultos praticantes de atividade física com dores nas costas. A prevalência em mulheres (19,6%) e em adultos de meia idade (24,2%) tende a ser maior que em homens (12,0%) e em adultos mais jovens (12,6%), respectivamente. A caminhada foi a atividade mais procurada e a prevalência de dores foi de 20,3%. Outras atividades que podem trazer benefícios às dores nas costas apresentaram prevalências consideradas altas, possivelmente por serem procuradas para fazerem parte do tratamento. Por modalidades específicas de atividade física, os valores de prevalência de dores nas costas são variados quando a população é dividida em grupos por sexo e idade. Entretanto, não é possível estabelecer uma relação de causalidade entre estas atividades físicas e a dor nas costas devido limitações dos dados coletados. Os valores das prevalências observados neste estudo devem ser considerados importantes para reflexões acerca de atividades físicas adequadas e à prescrição e controle de exercícios. (AU)

The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of individuals who practice physical activity with back pain and the prevalence of back pain in each type physical activity practiced by adults. Individuals selected to answer the individual questionnaire from the National Health Survey (PNS) were part of the study. The sample consisted of 15043 individuals, aged between 18 and 59 years old, who practice physical activities, who answered all selected questions. The statistical analysis of the data was performed descriptively for the prevalences, with frequencies and confidence intervals, of adult individuals physically active with back pain and, also, among the practitioners of each type of physical activity reported.The results showed values for 2055 (15.9%) adult individuals physically active with back pain. The prevalence in women (19.6%) and middle-aged adults (24.2%) tends to be higher than in men (12.0%) and in younger adults (12.6%), respectively. Walking was the most sought after activity and the prevalence among practitioners was 20.3%. Other activities that can bring benefits to back pain had prevalences considered high possibly because they were sought as part of the treatment. By specific modalities of physical activity, the prevalence values of back pain are varied when the population is divided into groups by sex and age. However, a causal relationship is not possible between these physical activities and back pain due to limitations of the data collected. The pr evalence values found should be considered of concern, mainly for the indication of adequate physical activity and the prescription and control of exercises. The prevalence values observed in this study should be considered important for reflections on adequate physical activities a nd the prescription and control of exercises. (AU)

Psychological Aspects, Physical Activity Levels and Overweight Concerns: A Cross-over Study of Brazilian Adolescents.

Introduction: This study aims to identify levels of anxiety, depression, body weight, and levels of physical activity, as well as to verify possible associations among these variables in Brazilian adolescents. It is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 291 Brazilian adolescents aged 13 to 15 years old (13.75±0.80 years old). Methods: Researchers assessed students by filling out questionnaires of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as the level of physical activity and checking anthropometric measures. Parametric and non-parametric statistics were used to compare groups divided by psychological, physical and overweight factors for boys and girls, adopting a significance level of 95%. Results: Results showed higher waist circumference and physical activity levels for boys (p<0.01) and higher scores for anxiety and depressive symptoms questionnaires for girls (p<0.01). In addition, a low prevalence of depression was observed in boys (0.69%/CI0.03-4.36). For anxiety and depression variables in males and females with and without overweight and physically active and inactive, there were significant differences between groups (p < 0.05), but not within groups. Conclusion: The identification of a higher prevalence of girls with anxiety and depression was observed in this study and reinforced this information already demonstrated in the scientific literature. In general, the prevalence of depression was low in boys, while the prevalence of overweight, sedentary lifestyle, anxiety and depression were higher in girls.

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Clinical-epidemiological profile of a mobile emergency service / Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de um servicio de emergencia móvil

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência de um município da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, referente à 2016 e 2017. Método: Estudo descritivo, documental retrospectivo e quantitativo. Incluíram-se 5.957 boletins de ocorrências de janeiro de 2016 até dezembro de 2017. Foram processadas as frequências relativas e absolutas. Resultados: Prevaleceram atendimentos por causa neurológica (11,9%) e colisão (14,3%). A maioria dos chamados foi para homens (55,7%) e a faixa etária de 60 a 79 anos (26,2%); 98,6% dos acionamentos foi para prestação de socorro, a unidade de suporte básico (57,3%) foi a mais utilizada, e em 90,1% dos atendimentos não apresentaram incidentes Conclusão: Os atendimentos mais prevalentes foram de causas neurológicas e as colisões. Homens e idosos foi a população mais atendida. Os atendimentos foram realizados em sua maioria pela unidade de suporte básico, predominando a não ocorrência de incidentes (AU).

Objective: to characterize the clinical-epidemiological profile of the Mobile Emergency Care Servie of a municipality on the Western Frontier of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, referring to 2016 and 2017. Method: descriptive, retrospective and quantitative documentar study. 5.957 incident reports from January 2016 to December 2017 were included. Which the relative and absolute frequencies were processed. Results: attendance prevailed due to neurological cause (11.9%) and collision (14.3%). Most of the calls were for men (55.7%) and the age group was 60 to 79 years old (26.2%); 98.6% of the activations were for assistance, the basic support unit (57.3%) was the most used, and in 90.1% of the consultations there were no incidents. Conclusion: the most prevalent services were neurological causes and collisions. Men and the elderly were the most attended population. The services were performed mostly by the basic support unit, with no incidents occurring (AU).

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil clínico-epidemiológico del Servicio Móvil de Atención de Emergencia de um município de la frontera occidental de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Método: Estudio documental descriptivo, retrospectivo y cuantitativo. Se incluyeron 5.957 informes de incidentes de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2017. Se procesaron las frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados: la assistência prevaleció por causa neurológica (11,9%) y colisión (14,3%). La mayoría de las llamadas fueron para hombres (55,7%) y el grupo de edad tenía entre 60 y 79 años (26,2%). El 98,6% de las activaciones fueon por assistência, la unidad básica de apoyo (57,3%) fue la más utilizada, y en el 90,1% de las consultas no hubo incidencias. Conclusión: los servicios más prevalentes fueron las causas neurológicas y las colisiones. Los hombres y los ancianos fueron la población más atendida. La mayoría de los casos fueron atendidos por la unidad básica de apoyo, con predomínio de la no ocurrencia de incidentes (AU).

Composição corporal de adolescentes pós-púberes avaliada pela absortometria radiológica de dupla energia e relações com a idade cronológica / Body composition in post-pubertal adolescents measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and relationship with chronological age

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a composição corporal com utilização do DXA e correlacioná-la com a idade cronológica em adolescentes pós-púberes, de ambos os sexos. Participaram da pesquisa 46 adolescentes em fase pós-puberal, sendo 27 meninas (17,23±0,98) e 19 meninos (17,65±0,74) de ensino médio de uma escola estadual da Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas uma anamnese, avaliação antropométrica e o DXA para avaliações. O teste U de Mann Whitney e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foram utilizados, adotando P<0,05 para significância. Verificou-se que as meninas apresentam composição corporal diferentedos meninos (P<0,05) e que com o aumento da idade elas tendem a diminuir o percentual de gordura, embora tenha sido observado um quantitativo alto de meninas com percentual de gordura elevado. Os meninos apresentaram uma tendência de aumento do percentual de gordura e da massa magra com o aumento da idade. As medidas de conteúdo e densidade mineral ósseo dentro da normalidade, com tendência de aumento com o avanço da idade cronológica. Conclui-se que os grupos masculino e feminino apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados quanto à composição corporal e os valores apresentados trazem mais um complemento à literatura a respeito de referências para a composição corporal, obtida com o DXA, em adolescentes pós-púberes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze body composition using DXA and correlate it with chronological age in post-pubertal adolescents of both genders. A total of 46 adolescents participated in the study, of which 27 were girls (17.23±0.98) and 19 boys (17.65±0.74) from a state school in the South District in the city of Rio de Janeiro. An anamnesis, anthropometric evaluation and DXA were performed for evaluations. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used, adopting P <0.05 for significance. Girls were found to have a different body composition than boys (P <0.05) and that, with increasing age, they tended to present a decrease in fat percentage, although in general a high number of girls presented a high fat level. The boys presented a tendency to increase the percentage of fat and lean mass with the increase of the age. Measurements of bone mineral content and density were considered as being within normality, with a tendency to increase with the advancing of the chronological age. Girls and boys present a different behavior regarding body composition and the values presented in this study bring an addition to the literature regarding body composition references through DXA in post-pubertal adolescents.

Predictive equations for resting metabolic rate are not appropriate to use in Brazilian male adolescent football athletes.

High accuracy in estimating energy expenditure is essential for enhancing sports performance. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), as a primary component of total energy expenditure (TEE), is commonly estimated using predictive equations. However, these references may not be applicable to adolescent athletes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the differences between predicted RMR in relation to energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) among 45 Brazilian male adolescent football athletes. Indirect calorimetry (IC) and anthropometric (bioimpedance) measurements were recorded at a single visit to the laboratory after fasting overnight. The mean age was 15.6 ± 1.14 years, body mass was 63.05 ± 7.8 kg, and height was 172 ± 7.5 cm. The RMR values predicted by equations proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (United Nations), Henry and Rees (HR), Harris Benedict (HB), and Cunningham (CUN) were compared with IC RMR values, by correlation analysis. The FAO and HR predictive equations yielded different values from IC (IC: 1716.26 ± 202.58, HR: 1864.87 ± 147.78, FAO: 1854.28 ± 130.19, p = 0.001). A moderate correlation of 0.504 was found between the results of HB and IC. In the survival-agreement model, the CUN equation showed low disagreement with the IC RMR, with error values between 200 and 300 kcal/day. The results showed that HB and CUN yielded similar values as IC, with the CUN equation showing low disagreement with IC; hence, adolescent athletes should undergo evaluation with precise laboratory methods to ensure that accurate information about RMR is recorded.

Deconstruction of banana peel for carbohydrate fractionation.

The deconstruction of banana peel for carbohydrate recovery was performed by sequential treatment (acid, alkaline, and enzymatic). The pretreatment with citric acid promoted the extraction of pectin, resulting in a yield of 8%. In addition, xylose and XOS, 348.5 and 17.3 mg/g xylan, respectively, were also quantified in acidic liquor as a result of partial depolymerization of hemicellulose. The spent solid was pretreated with alkaline solution (NaOH or KOH) for delignification and release of residual carbohydrates from the hemicellulose. The yields of xylose and arabinose (225.2 and 174.0 mg/g hemicellulose) were approximately 40% higher in the pretreatment with KOH, while pretreatment with NaOH promoted higher delignification (67%), XOS yield (32.6 mg/g xylan), and preservation of cellulosic fraction. Finally, the spent alkaline solid, rich in cellulose (76%), was treated enzymatically to release glucose, reaching the final concentration of 28.2 g/L. The mass balance showed that through sequential treatment, 9.9 g of xylose, 0.5 g of XOS, and 8.2 g of glucose were obtained from 100 g of raw banana peels, representing 65.8% and 46.5% conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. The study of the fractionation of carbohydrates in banana peel proved to be a useful tool for valorization, mainly of the hemicellulose fraction for the production of XOS and xylose with high value applications in the food industry.

Bioaccumulation of metal in liver tissue of fish in response to water toxicity of the Araguari-Amazon River, Brazil.

This study aimed to determine the concentration of metals in the water and in the liver tissue of fish (Anodus orinocensis, Hemiodus unimaculatus, Curimata vittata, and Plagioscion squamosissimus) in the lower Araguari River. Steps were also taken to estimate any difference in metal bioaccumulation in the liver of fish species at different trophic levels, determine any correlations between metals found in hepatic tissue of fish species relative to that found in river water, and evaluate the bioaccumulation factor. The metals analyzed in the water in the lower Araguari River (Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, Cu, and Zn) exceeded the limits considered safe for aquatic life. We found a significant difference only in the bioaccumulation of Pb between A. orinocensis and C. vittata (F = 4.65, p = 0.005) and Cr between A. orinocensis and H. unimaculatus (F = 3.12, p = 0.03). Species of distinct trophic levels showed differences in metal concentration in liver. Cd and Cu showed bioaccumulation factor above 100, especially Cu with a relatively high value, for all fish species. The bioaccumulation of metals in the liver of fish species showed a positive correlation with the metals detected in the water of the Araguari River. In this sense, the lower course of the Araguari River is undergoing some type of environmental stress, making this study of additional valuable in diagnosing environmental quality pursuant to the development of environmental monitoring projects in order to guarantee the safety and maintenance of aquatic life.

Perfil dos usuários com diabetes mellitus: estudo de caso em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do Recôncavo Baiano / Profile of users with diabetes mellitus: case study in a Family Health Unit in Bahia / Perfil de los usuarios con diabetes mellitus: un estudio de caso en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia en el Recóncavo Baiano, Brasil

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma das comorbidades mais impactantes da atualidade, por ser uma doença crônica e, na maioria das vezes, assintomática, e por apresentar uma variedade de complicações. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o perfil dos usuários acometidos pelo DM em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do recôncavo baiano. A partir de fichas de cadastro e do acompanhamento do programa de hipertensão e diabetes, realizou-se um estudo exploratório e descritivo. A análise do material utilizou a epidemiologia descritiva, revelando que as mulheres negras/pardas são mais acometidas pelo DM e que fatores de risco como sedentarismo, tabagismo e obesidade influenciam diretamente no desenvolvimento da patologia. O conhecimento do perfil das pessoas acometidas pelo DM oferece parâmetros que ajudam os profissionais de enfermagem a embasar o cuidado ofertado, de modo a melhorar o atendimento e o acompanhamento desses usuários na USF.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of today's most impacting comorbidities given its chronic and mostly asymptomatic character and the variety of complications resulting from it. This study describes the profile of users living with DM in a Family Health Unit (FHU) in Bahia, Brazil. An exploratory and descriptive study was carried out with data collected from registration forms and follow-up of the hypertension and diabetes program. Data analysis based on descriptive epidemiology showed that black and brown women are more affected by DM and that risk factors such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and obesity directly influence its development. Knowing the profile of users living with diabetes mellitus offers parameters for nursing professionals to improve the care and follow-up of such users in FHU.

Una de las comorbilidades más impactantes en la actualidad, la diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad crónica, muchas veces asintomática y con diversas complicaciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir el perfil de los usuarios que conviven con la DM en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia (USF), en el Recóncavo baiano (Brasil). Se llevó a cabo un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, a partir de los formularios de registro y seguimiento del programa de hipertensión y diabetes. Para el análisis del material se utilizó la epidemiología descriptiva, y se encontró que las personas con DM son, en su mayoría, negras/pardas, y que los factores de riesgo que más influyen en el desarrollo de esta patología son el sedentarismo, el tabaquismo y la obesidad. El conocimiento del perfil de las personas con DM permite identificar los parámetros que ayudarán a los profesionales de enfermería a fundamentar la asistencia, para que mejoren la atención y la supervisión de los usuarios en la USF.

DYNASTI-Dynamic Multiple RPL Instances for Multiple IoT Applications in Smart City.

Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving to multi-application scenarios in smart cities, which demand specific traffic patterns and requirements. Multi-applications share resources from a single multi-hop wireless networks, where smart devices collaborate to send collected data over a Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) emerged as a routing protocol to be used in IoT scenarios where the devices have limited resources. Instances are RPL mechanisms that play a key role in order to support the IoT scenarios with multiple applications, but it is not standardized yet. Although there are related works proposing multiple instances in RPL on the same IoT network, those works still have limitations to support multiple applications. For instance, there is a lack of flexibility and dynamism in management of multiple instances and service differentiation for applications. In this context, the goal of this work is to develop a solution called DYNAmic multiple RPL instanceS for multiple ioT applicatIons (DYNASTI), which provides more dynamism and flexibility by managing multiple instances of RPL. As a result of this, the traffic performance of multiple applications is enhanced through the routing, taking into consideration the distinct requirements of the applications. In addition, DYNASTI enables the support of sporadic applications as well as the coexistence between regular and sporadic applications. DYNASTI achieved results that demonstrate a significant improvement in reducing the number of control messages, which resulted in increased packet received, decreased end-to-end delay, reduced energy consumption, and an improvement in service differentiation to multiple applications.

Evaluation of the water quality in a conservation unit in Central-West Brazil: Metals concentrations and genotoxicity in situ.

This study assessed the quality of vegetation cover in the Parque Estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema (PEVRI, Upper Paraná River basin, MS, Brazil), the concentration of metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Ni) in water and muscle and hepatic tissues of five fish species collected in the PEVRI - Hemiodus orthonops, Leporinus friderici, Prochilodus lineatus, Pterodoras granulosus and Pimelodus maculatus - in addition to non-carcinogenic risk assessment and genotoxicity potential in these species. Regarding vegetation index, we found that only 26.25% of the PEVRI area is occupied by denser vegetation. In the sites analyzed, Cd, Cu, Fe and Ni showed high concentrations in water, above the reference values established by the legislation. In the muscle and hepatic tissues of the fish species analyzed, Cd and Pb values exceeded the reference limits. The genotoxic alterations identified in erythrocytes of the fish species studied were nuclear invagination, nuclear budding, picnosis, binucleated cell and lobulate nucleus. For the non-carcinogenic risk assessment in fish, Cd and Pb presented values greater than 1, indicating risk in the consumption of these fish. In the bioaccumulation factor, Cd and Pb were greater than 100 in all fish species analyzed, except for Pb in L. friderici. The results indicated that the water resources of the PEVRI are being affected by some type of contaminant, probably due to anthropic activities carried out around the park or carried from the upper portions of the basin through the drainage system.

Effect of Lignin Content on Cellulolytic Saccharification of Liquid Hot Water Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse.

Lignin contributes to the rigid structure of the plant cell wall and is partially responsible for the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials to enzymatic digestion. Overcoming this recalcitrance is one the most critical issues in a sugar-flat form process. This study addresses the effect of low lignin sugarcane bagasse on enzymatic hydrolysis after liquid hot water pretreatment at 190 °C and 20 min (severity factor: 3.95). The hydrolysis of bagasse from a sugarcane line selected for a relatively low lignin content, gave an 89.7% yield of cellulose conversion to glucose at 40 FPU/g glucan versus a 68.3% yield from a comparably treated bagasse from the high lignin bred line. A lower enzyme loading of 5 FPU/g glucan (equivalent to 3.2 FPU/g total solids) resulted in 31.4% and 21.9% conversion yields, respectively, for low and high lignin samples, suggesting the significance of lignin content in the saccharification process. Further increases in the enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose were achieved when the bagasse sample was pre-incubated with a lignin blocking agent, e.g., bovine serum albumin (50 mg BSA/g glucan) at 50 °C for 1 h prior to an actual saccharification. In this work, we have demonstrated that even relatively small differences in lignin content can result in considerably increased sugar production, which supports the dissimilarity of bagasse lignin content and its effects on cellulose digestibility. The increased glucose yields with the addition of BSA helped to decrease the inhibition of non-productive absorption of cellulose enzymes onto lignin and solid residual lignin fractions.

Effects on Volume Load and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Individuals' Advanced Weight Training After Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.

Lattari, E, Rosa Filho, BJ, Fonseca Junior, SJ, Murillo-Rodriguez, E, Rocha, N, Machado, S, and Maranhão Neto, GA. Effects on volume load and ratings of perceived exertion in individuals' advanced weight training after transcranial direct current stimulation. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 89-96, 2020-The aim of this study was investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on volume load and ratings of perceived exertion. Fifteen young healthy individuals, aged between 20 and 30 years in advanced strength training were recruited. Test and retest of the 10 maximum repetitions (10RM) were performed to determine the reliability of load used. Subjects performed 3 experimental conditions in a randomized, double-blinded crossover design: anodic stimulation (a-tDCS), cathodic stimulation (c-tDCS), and sham (2 mA for 20 minutes targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex left). Immediately after the experimental conditions, subjects completed 1 set of maximum repetitions with 10RM load (volume load) and answered to OMNI-RES (poststimulation) (level of significance p ≤ 0.05). The volume load showed main effect for condition (F(2, 28) = 164.801; p < 0.001). In poststimulation, a-tDCS was greater than c-tDCS (p ≤ 0.001) and sham (p ≤ 0.001). For ratings of perceived exertion (OMNI-RES), the results showed main effect for condition (F(2, 28) = 9.768; p ≤ 0.05). In poststimulation, c-tDCS was greater than a-tDCS (p ≤ 0.05) and sham (p ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the use of a-tDCS may promote increase in volume load for the LP45 exercise. Moreover, higher volume loads are necessary to maximize muscle strength and anabolism.

Trichoderma harzianum transcriptome in response to cadmium exposure.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal present in the environment mainly as a result of industrial contamination that can cause toxic effects to life. Some microorganisms, as Trichoderma harzianum, a fungus used in biocontrol, are able to survive in polluted environments and act as bioremediators. Aspects about the tolerance to the metal have been widely studied in other fungi although there are a few reports about the response of T. harzianum. In this study, we determined the effects of cadmium over growth of T. harzianum and used RNA-Seq to identify significant genes and processes regulated in the metal presence. Cadmium inhibited the fungus growth proportionally to its concentration although the fungus exhibited tolerance as it continued to grow, even in the highest concentrations used. A total of 3767 (1993 up and 1774 down) and 2986 (1606 up and 1380 down) differentially expressed genes were detected in the mycelium of T. harzianum cultivated in the presence of 1.0 mg mL-1 or 2.0 mg mL-1 of CdCl2, respectively, compared to the absence of the metal. Of these, 2562 were common to both treatments. Biological processes related to cellular homeostasis, transcription initiation, sulfur compound biosynthetic and metabolic processes, RNA processing, protein modification and vesicle-mediated transport were up-regulated. Carbohydrate metabolic processes were down-regulated. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated induction of glutathione and its precursor's metabolism. Interestingly, it also indicated an intense transcriptional induction, especially by up-regulation of spliceosome components. Carbohydrate metabolism was repressed, especially the mycoparasitism-related genes, suggesting that the mycoparasitic ability of T. harzianum could be affected during cadmium exposure. These results contribute to the advance of the current knowledge about the response of T. harzianum to cadmium exposure and provide significant targets for biotechnological improvement of this fungus as a bioremediator and a biocontrol agent.

Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Composition from Blowfly Eggs Represents a Potential Complementary Taxonomic Tool of Forensic Importance.

One of the most important contributions of forensic entomology is to assist criminal expertise to determine the postmortem interval, which depends on the duration of the immature stages of insects of forensic interest. On the other hand, the time of development of the different stages varies according to the species; therefore, its identification is essential. Currently, few studies have investigated the use of cuticular hydrocarbons, and none regarding fatty acids, as complementary taxonomic tools to expedite species identification. Therefore, we evaluated whether cuticular hydrocarbons together with fatty acids of eggs of flies of the family Calliphoridae, main group of forensic interest, can be used to distinguish species. The analyses were performed by chromatographic techniques. The results show that there are significant differences between the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons and fatty acids between species and, therefore, they can be used to provide a complementary taxonomic tool to expedite the forensic expertise.

Effect of temperature on the chemical profiles of nest materials of social wasps.

Social insects depend on their nests for protection against predation and abiotic threats. Accordingly, the chemical compounds present in the material wasps use to build their nests can both facilitate communication and repel predators. It is herein hypothesized that different wasp species build their nests with different structure and substrate materials and that such materials consist of chemical compounds related to unique wasp behavior and outside temperature variation. To test this hypothesis, nests were collected from three species of social wasps, the samples of which were subjected to temperature variation under laboratory conditions. The compounds present in the substrate were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical compounds identified in the nest material of the three species responded differently to temperature variation. Chemical compounds from Polybia nests were altered significantly when subjected to temperature variation, whereas the nests of Polistes versicolor did not significantly change in relation to the control. The differences found between Polistes and Polybia nests may be related to genetic factors, but also to the type of nest they construct. It is possible that divergent evolutionary strategies for maintaining colony temperature, as a function of the chemical composition of the nests, may have appeared between wasps that have open and closed nests. In relatively small colonies, nest substrate is more resistant to temperature variation because it is composed of a greater diversity of elements and thus capable of holding heavier, longer carbon chains. Our results suggest that chemical compounds in the nest material of the three wasp species analysed responded differently to fluctuating ambient temperatures and that such variation could result from the biochemical differences of unique wasp species or from thermoregulation strategies of colonies.

Use of fish scales in environmental monitoring by the application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect the presence of bioaccumulated Fe and Pb in scales of Salminus brasiliensis and Prochilodus lineatus, and to compare the results from this technique with those obtained using the conventional atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The study used fish collected in the Amambai River, Upper Paraná River, Brazil. The LIBS technique detected the presence of Fe in S. brasiliensis scales and Fe and Pb in P. lineatus scales on different regions. Using atomic absorption spectrometry, we verified a significant difference in Fe concentration in scales between the species analyzed, with a higher concentration in S. brasiliensis than in P. lineatus (p = 0.0004). Pb was not detected using atomic absorption spectrometry in either species because the concentration of this element was below the limit of detection of this technique. The LIBS technique was efficient in detecting Fe and Pb in scales of the two species analyzed, proving to be a promising tool for environmental monitoring.