ABSTRACT
Seventeen postmenopausal subjects were randomized into this comparative study of esterified estrogen 0.625 mg (Estratab), esterified estrogen 0.625 mg plus 1.25 mg methyltestosterone (Estratest H.S.), or conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg (Premarin). Sixteen subjects completed the study in which plasma hormone concentrations of estrone and estradiol were assessed at various time points. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups.
Subject(s)
Estradiol/blood , Estrogen Replacement Therapy , Estrone/blood , Menopause/blood , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Characteristics of barium sulfate contrast agents used in roentgenographic studies are described. Barium sulfate can be used as a single contrast agent in the gastrointestinal tract; it can also be used for positive contrast in studies that use air for negative contrast (double-contrast examinations). Barium sulfate can be used to opacify the GI tract in preparation for computerized tomography of the abdomen. Barium sulfate products are available in powder form or as viscous suspensions. Product formulas and barium sulfate concentrations are varied to produce adequate coating and visualization of the portion of the GI tract to be examined, and the dosage is determined by the specific procedure. Double-contrast studies delineate fine details of the GI mucosa; preparations used in these studies contain smaller barium particles than those used in single-contrast studies. Agents that produce carbon dioxide are usually administered for double-contrast studies; the gas distends the stomach or intestine so the barium can cover the entire surface. Formulations of barium sulfate products vary so that a product appropriate for the specific procedure can be selected. These products also vary in cost, ease of reconstitution, and, for oral preparations, acceptability to patients.
Subject(s)
Barium Sulfate , Digestive System/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Powders , Radiography , SolutionsSubject(s)
Amino Acids/analysis , Parenteral Nutrition, Total , Parenteral Nutrition , Drug Stability , Temperature , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The maximum concentrations of phosphate that will remain soluble in a parenteral nutrient solution containing various concentrations of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate were determined. Various concentrations of sodium phosphate were mixed with FreAmine II (McGaw Laboratories), and the resulting solutions were mixed with 50% dextrose solutions containing various concentrations of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate. The final solutions were sealed and stored at 30 degrees C for 24 hours and then were inspected visually for precipitate formation. It was found that higher equivalent concentrations of phosphate are attainable when calcium gluconate, instead of calcium chloride, is used as the calcium source. Factors found to influence the concentrations of calcium and phosphate that are compatible in amino acid solutions are the calcium salt used, temperature and duration of storage, dextrose concentration, amino acid composition, pH, and other additives.
Subject(s)
Calcium Chloride , Calcium Gluconate , Gluconates , Parenteral Nutrition, Total , Parenteral Nutrition , Phosphates , Amino Acids , Drug Incompatibility , Osmolar Concentration , Sodium , SolubilityABSTRACT
Titration curves for total parenteral nutrient (TPN) products were developed and used to determine the amount of alkali needed to make various pH changes. Equations and graphs for determining the titratable acidities of TPN solutions are presented. Samples of five crystalline amino acid products and of 1:1 mixtures of the products with 50% dextrose solutions were titrated to pH 7.4 (with a standard sodium bicarbonate solution) or 8.0 (with a standard sodium hydroxide solution). The samples titrated with sodium hydroxide were first adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric acid. The pH of the sample was measured after each 0.1-ml addition of hydroxide or bicarbonate to develop a titration curve. Titratable acidities for the five crystalline amino acid products varied widely, ranging from 13.4--45.2 meq of hydroxide/liter and from 135--420 meq of bicarbonate/liter. The amino acid/dextrose mixtures had titratable acidities ranging from 7.8--24.8 meq of hydroxide/liter and from 87--226 meq of bicarbonate/liter. The pH titration data can be used as a guide for determining the amount of base to add to TPN solutions to obtain the desired pH.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/administration & dosage , Bicarbonates , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Parenteral Nutrition, Total , Solutions/analysisABSTRACT
A method for quantitating color measurements in dextrose solutions by using a color difference meter is described. This method was shown to correlate well with standard American Public Health Association (APHA) color measurements. A mathematical relationship was developed relating yellowness index values to APHA numbers as described in the USP for dextrose solutions. This relationship was tested by comparing the results from standard APHA color tests on laboratory samples of autoclaved dextrose solutions to APHA numbers calculated from yellowness index values for the same samples.
