ABSTRACT
The inverted nipple is a frequently encountered problem which can cause difficulties with breastfeeding, sexuality, and aesthetic dissatisfaction. Up to now, no consensus exists on a preferred treatment method. We performed a systematic review to identify the best treatment method for correction of benign inverted nipples. Treatment techniques were subdivided in the categories lactiferous duct preserving and lactiferous duct damaging. A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA statement. Inclusion criteria were: female patients with congenital or acquired inverted nipples, a minimum sample size of 10 nipples, and studies reporting recurrence of inversion with a minimum follow-up of six months. Exclusion criteria were nipple inversion caused by malignancy. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria which all had a level of evidence IV. No non-invasive treatment techniques were identified. In the duct preserving category eight studies were included with a recurrence rate of 0.6% (2/350) versus 9.9% (16/161) in the duct damaging category (n = 5). Other outcome parameters were not systematically reported in all studies. Because of a small number of low quality studies with heterogeneous interventions and outcomes a meta-analysis could not be performed and no preferred treatment method was identified. Based on the available data there is no statistical evidence that duct damaging treatment is superior to duct preserving treatment. We recommend that the first method of choice should be a duct preserving treatment method. In the future, more studies of better methodological quality are required and recommendations were made on how these could be conducted.
Subject(s)
Nipples/abnormalities , Nipples/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/trends , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Forecasting , Humans , Middle Aged , Nipples/injuries , Plastic Surgery Procedures/adverse effects , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Young AdultABSTRACT
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are promising candidates for regenerative therapy, like after myocardial infarction. However, when transplanted into the infarcted heart, ASCs are jeopardized by the ischemic environment. Interestingly, it has been shown that multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins like the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) have a protective effect in haematopoietic stem cells. In ASC, however, only expression of BCRP was shown until now. In this study, we therefore analysed the expression and functional activity of BCRP and P-gp and their putative function in ischemia in ASC. BCRP and P-gp protein expression was studied over time (passages 2-6) using western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. MDR activity was analysed using protein-specific substrate extrusion assays. Ischemia was induced using metabolic inhibition. All analyses demonstrated protein expression and activity of BCRP in ASCs. In contrast, only minor expression of P-gp was found, without functional activity. BCRP expression was most prominent in early passage ASCs (p2) and decreased during culture. Finally, ischemia induced expression of BCRP. In addition, when BCRP was blocked, a significant increase in dead ASCs was found already after 1 h of ischemia. In conclusion, ASCs expressed BCRP, especially in early passages. In addition, we now show for the first time that BCRP protects ASCs against ischemia-induced cell death. These data therefore indicate that for transplantation of ASCs in an ischemic environment, like myocardial infarction, the optimal stem cell protective effect of BCRP theoretically will be achieved with early culture passages ASCs.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Gene Expression , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Stem Cells/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Adipose Tissue/cytology , Adult , Biological Transport/genetics , Cell Differentiation , Cell Hypoxia , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Stem Cells/cytologyABSTRACT
Stem cell therapy is a promising tool to improve outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but needs to be optimized since results from clinical applications remain ambiguous. A potent source of stem cells is the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue (SVF), which contains high numbers of adipose derived stem cells (ASC). We hypothesized that: 1) intravenous injection can be used to apply stem cells to the heart. 2) Uncultured SVF cells are easier and safer when cultured ASCs. 3) Transplantation after the acute inflammation period of AMI is favorable over early injection. For this, AMI was induced in rats by 40min of coronary occlusion. One or seven days after AMI, rats were intravenously injected with vehicle, 5×10(6) uncultured rat SVF cells or 1×10(6) rat ASCs. Rats were analyzed 35 days after AMI. Intravenous delivery of both fresh SVF cells and cultured ASCs 7 days after AMI significantly reduced infarct size compared to vehicle. Similar numbers of stem cells were found in the heart, after treatment with fresh SVF cells and cultured ASCs. Importantly, no adverse effects were found after injection of SVF cells. Using cultured ASCs, however, 3 animals had shortness of breath, and one animal died during injection. In contrast to application at 7 days post AMI, injection of SVF cells 1 day post AMI resulted in a small but non-significant infarct reduction (p=0.35). Taken together, intravenous injection of uncultured SVF cells subsequent to the acute inflammation period, is a promising stem cell therapy for AMI.
