Epididymal contraction and sperm parameters are affected by clonidine.

The use of clonidine, a selective agonist of α2-adrenoceptors, is related to the fertility impairment. Thus, it has been described that changes in the epididymal function are related to the loss of fertility. Therefore, this study was sought to further evaluate the effects of clonidine in the rat distal cauda epididymis contractions and its consequence in the sperm parameters. The in vitro effects of clonidine in the isolated distal cauda epididymis were evaluated by pharmacological experiments. The consecutive contractile responses for clonidine in distal cauda epididymis showed desensitization. The noradrenaline-induced contractions were desensitized after in vitro clonidine pre-treatment (10(-5) M for 10 min). Clonidine was unable to alter the noradrenaline contractions if the in vitro pre-treatment was made in the presence of idazoxan (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), whereas prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) was ineffective. Moreover, the in vitro clonidine pre-treatment increased frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contraction of distal cauda epididymis. In addition, to induce in vivo desensitization of α2-adrenoceptors, male Wistar rats were treated with crescent doses of clonidine and distal cauda of epididymis contraction and sperm parameters were analyzed. The in vivo treatment with clonidine diminished the potency of the contractions induced by adrenergic agonists and augmented the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contraction of distal cauda epididymis. This treatment also altered the sperm transit time in epididymis, epididymal sperm reserves, sperm lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes activity. The results suggest that clonidine was able to affect the sperm quantity and quality by decreasing the transit time related to the increase in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions in epididymis, although the contractions induced by adrenergic agonists were desensitized.

Intracellular calcium mobilization by muscarinic receptors is regulated by micromolar concentrations of external Ca2+.

Carbachol-induced contractions of rat stomach fundus strips, obtained in a nutrient solution containing 1.8 mM Ca2+, were resistant to Ca2+ withdrawal, even after 1 h of bathing the tissues in a nominal 0 Ca2+ solution. This was not observed when K+ was used to evoke contractions, which were rapidly inhibited after Ca2+ removal (t1/2=2 min). The effect of carbachol in 0 Ca2+ solution was reduced by using drugs that reduce intracellular pools of Ca2+, such as caffeine (1-3 mM), ryanodine (30 microM) or thapsigargin (1 microM), corroborating the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ stores. On the other hand, when the 0 Ca2+ solution contained EGTA, a complete decline of carbachol effects was observed within about 8 min, indicating the involvement of extracellular Ca2+. Atomic absorption spectrometry showed that our 0 Ca2+ solution still contained 45 microM Ca2+, which was drastically reduced to 5.9 nM in the presence of EGTA. Taken together, our results indicate that the effects of carbachol are due to the mobilization of caffeine-, ryanodine- and thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores, and that these stores are not inactivated or depleted if micromolar concentrations (45 microM), but not nanomolar concentrations (5.9 nM) of Ca2+ are maintained in the extracellular milieu.

Effects of indoramin in rat vas deferens and aorta: concomitant alpha1-adrenoceptor and neuronal uptake blockade.

1. The actions of the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist indoramin have been examined against the contractions induced by noradrenaline in the rat vas deferens and aorta taking into account a putative neuronal uptake blocking activity of this antagonist which could result in self-cancelling actions. 2. Indoramin behaved as a simple competitive antagonist of the contractions induced by noradrenaline in the vas deferens and aorta yielding pA2 values of 7.38+/-0.05 (slope=0.98+/-0.03) and 6.78+/-0.14 (slope=1.08+/-0.06), respectively. 3. When the experiments were repeated in the presence of cocaine (6 microM) the potency (pA2) of indoramin in antagonizing the contractions of the vas deferens to noradrenaline was increased to 8.72+/-0.07 (slope=1.10+/-0.05) while its potency remained unchanged in the aorta (pA2=6.69+/-0.12; slope=1.04+/-0.05). 4. In denervated vas deferens, indoramin antagonized the contractions to noradrenaline with a potency similar to that found in the presence of cocaine (8.79+/-0.07; slope=1.09+/-0.06). 5. It is suggested that indoramin blocks alpha1-adrenoceptors and neuronal uptake in rat vas deferens resulting in Schild plots with slopes not different from unity even in the absence of selective inhibition of neuronal uptake. As a major consequence of this double mechanism of action, the pA2 values for this antagonist are underestimated when calculated in situations where the neuronal uptake is active, yielding spurious pKB values.

TTX-sensitive Na(+) and nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels in rat vas deferens smooth muscle cells.

The inward currents in single smooth muscle cells (SMC) isolated from epididymal part of rat vas deferens have been studied using whole-cell patch-clamp method. Depolarising steps from holding potential -90 mV evoked inward current with fast and slow components. The component with slow activation possessed voltage-dependent and pharmacological properties characteristic for Ca(2+) current carried through L-type calcium channels (I(Ca)). The fast component of inward current was activated at around -40 mV, reached its peak at 0 mV, and disappeared upon removal of Na ions from bath solution. This current was blocked in dose-dependent manner by tetrodotoxin (TTX) with an apparent dissociation constant of 6.7 nM. On the basis of voltage-dependent characteristics, TTX sensitivity of fast component of inward current and its disappearance in Na-free solution it is suggested that this current is TTX-sensitive depolarisation activated sodium current (I(Na)). Cell dialysis with a pipette solution containing no macroergic compounds resulted in significant inhibition of I(Ca) (depression of peak I(Ca) by about 81% was observed by 13 min of dialysis), while I(Na) remained unaffected during 50 min of dialysis. These data draw first evidence for the existence of TTX-sensitive Na(+) current in single SMC isolated from rat vas deferens. These Na(+) channels do not appear to be regulated by a phosphorylation process under resting conditions.

The serotonin paradox: drug-receptor interaction in rat vas deferens.

The contractile effect of serotonin was studied in rat vas deferens, in comparison with that of noradrenaline and tyramine, after reserpine treatment, surgical denervation, and transplantation to the colon. In reserpinized animals the effect of 5HT resembled that of tyramine, since it was strikingly reduced, in spite of a small residual effect, showing that in normal preparations the effects of 5HT and tyramine are predominantly due to the release of endogenous noradrenaline. However, in denervated or transplanted vas deferens, in which the effect of tyramine is also abolished, the effect of 5HT was potentiated. It is suggested that after chronic, long lasting depletion of endogenous noradrenaline, there are alternate mechanisms that are generated to improve the contractile effect of 5HT, but not of tyramine. The nature of these mechanisms is still unknown.

The serotonin paradox: drug-receptor interaction in rat vas deferens.

The contractile effect of serotonin was studied in rat vas deferens, in comparison with that of noradrenaline and tyramine, after reserpine treatment, surgical denervation, and transplantation to the colon. In reserpinized animals the effect of 5HT resembled that of tyramine, since it was strikingly reduced, in spite of a small residual effect, showing that in normal preparations the effects of 5HT and tyramine are predominantly due to the release of endogenous noradrenaline. However, in denervated or transplanted vas deferens, in which the effect of tyramine is also abolished, the effect of 5HT was potentiated. It is suggested that after chronic, long lasting depletion of endogenous noradrenaline, there are alternate mechanisms that are generated to improve the contractile effect of 5HT, but not of tyramine. The nature of these mechanisms is still unknown.

Functional properties of agmatine in rat vas deferens.

Experiments were performed with rat vas deferens to verify whether agmatine, an endogenous ligand for adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors, can influence sympathetic neurotransmission, with respect to contractions induced by transmural nerve stimulation, contractions induced by exogenous noradrenaline, and overflow of endogenous noradrenaline. It was shown that agmatine (a) caused a dose-dependent potentiation of electrically induced twitches, up to about 70% in relation to controls, (b) shifted to the right the inhibitory concentration-response curves for clonidine on electrically induced twitches, indicating competitive antagonism at presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, with a pA2 value of 4.12 +/- 0.10, (c) shifted to the right the concentration-response curves for noradrenaline-induced contractions, indicating competitive antagonism at postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors as well, with a pA2 value of 4.03 +/- 0.10, and (d) caused a dose-dependent increase of KCI-induced overflow of noradrenaline, up to about 90% in relation to controls. It is concluded that agmatine has multiple effects on sympathetic neurotransmission in rat vas deferens.

Decreased density of binding sites for the Ca2+ channel antagonist [3H]isradipine after denervation of rat vas deferens.

Radioligand binding assays were performed with the selective antagonist of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels [3H]PN200-110 (isradipine) in rat vas deferens, before and 7 days after denervation, and data were compared with those obtained for K(+)-induced contractions, which are Ca(2+)-dependent. The density (Bmax) of dihydropyridine binding sites was decreased to almost one-third of its normal value after denervation. The respective affinity (KD) was not significantly changed. In addition, it was observed that the K(+)-induced tonic contraction, which corresponded to 55 +/- 2% of the respective phasic contraction, was decreased to 41 +/- 3% after denervation. It is assumed that the decreased density of Ca2+ channels causes a decrease in K(+)-induced influx of Ca2+ and consequently of the corresponding tonic contraction. These results indicate that autonomic innervation can regulate the density of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the rat vas deferens.

Evidence for participation of nitric oxide in excitatory neurotransmission in rat vas deferens.

A depression of the fast, non-adrenergic, and also of the slow, adrenergic, components of muscle contraction in response to intramural nerve stimulation was induced by the blocker of nitric oxide synthase NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), in rat vas deferens. Effects of exogenous noradrenaline or ATP were not reduced by L-NAME. However, L-arginine also caused an inhibition of electrically induced effects in most of the preparations, contrary to the expectations for a precursor of nitric oxide synthesis. In spite of these difficulties L-arginine antagonized the action of L-NAME. These results indicate that nitric oxide is involved in excitatory nerve-muscle transmission in vas deferens.

In vitro denervation of the rat vas deferens through hypothermic storage.

1. The rat vas deferens was excised, stored at 4-6 degrees C and tested after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h for its contractile activity and for the presence of innervation. 2. The maximal contractile capacity of the vas, tested through cumulative concentrations of barium chloride (3 x 10(-2) M) was progressively reduced from about 110 mm to about 63 mm after 72 h, without further decay after 96 h. Spontaneous rhythmic contractions were practically absent. 3. A loss of endogenous pools of catecholamines was indicated by four parameters: (a) a decline of about 80% after 24 h and of more than 95% after 48 h of the contractile effect of the indirect sympathomimetic agonist tyramine; (b) a fall of about 20%, 50% and 85% on the concentration of noradrenaline, respectively after 24, 48 and 72 h; (c) a fall of about 25% and 90% after respectively 24 and 48 h, of the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH); (d) a decline of noradrenaline-induced histofluorescence on cross sections of the vas. 4. A loss of neuronal uptake capacity was indicated by: (a) a progressive variation of the apparent affinity for adrenaline, expressed as pD2 values, that increased by about 1.5 log units (corresponding to a 30 fold potentiation) after 72 h, and (b) a reduction of the ability of cocaine to potentiate the contractile effects of adrenaline. 5. The pD2 values for barium chloride, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine were not significantly changed, while the corresponding value for acetylcholine was slightly but significantly reduced by about 0.8 log units. 6. The maximal heights of concentration-response curves for noradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT were reduced by 42-66% in relation to controls. However, when this reduction was measured in relation to the corresponding barium effect, by means of the relative responsiveness ratio (p), a small though significant increase was observed for noradrenaline, and a fall for the other drugs.7. It is concluded that: (1) the values for the various biochemical and pharmacological parameters decline at different rates, though revealing altogether that denervation is completed by at least 85% after 72 h of hypothermic storage; (2) two of the results, i.e., the lack of spontaneous rhythmic contractions and the lack of increased contractile effects for acetylcholine, 5-HT and histamine, indicate that in these conditions the vas is devoid of the so-called nonspecific signs of denervation.

Low dihydropyridine receptor density in vasa deferentia of castrated rats.

Radioligand binding studies in crude membrane preparations of vasa deferentia of normal rats, with the 1,4-dihydropyridine (+)-[3H]-PN200-110 (isradipine) showed typical saturation isotherms. The binding exhibited a KD of 259 +/- 60 pM and Bmax of 144 +/- 20 fmol mg-1 protein. The low KD and the stereoselective displacement of (+)-[3H]-PN200-110 binding by (+)- and (-)-PN200-110 and by nifedipine suggests that these tissues contain dihydropyridine receptors probably coupled to voltage-sensitive, L-type calcium channels. In membrane preparations from vasa deferentia from rats castrated 30 days previously the maximum specific binding was 25 +/- 10 fmol mg-1 protein, representing only 11% of total binding; thus, the calculation of reliable KD values was not feasible. These findings suggest that a testicular hormone, possibly testosterone, plays an important role in the regulation of dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-dependent calcium channels in the rat vas deferens.

Partial hindrance by beta-adrenoceptors of the antagonism of prazosin against adrenoceptor agonists in rat caecum.

The relaxation of the carbachol-contracted rat isolated caecum by noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and isoproterenol (I) was investigated, to identify the pharmacological receptors involved. The organs were pretreated with cocaine to block neuronal uptake. The relative potencies of the three agonists were I >> A > or = NA, indicating the presence of beta-adrenoceptors. However, the shift of concentration-response curves by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol varied according to the agonist used, suggesting the presence of distorting factors. Initial attempts to verify if alpha-adrenoceptors were involved, by using the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, were unsuccessful, since the shifts of the concentration-response curves were small and were not concentration dependent, leading to Schild lines with slopes significantly lower than unity. When the experiments with prazosin were repeated in the presence of large concentration of propranolol (10(-5) mol/l) to block beta-adrenoceptors, the relative potencies were changed to NA > A > or = I, reflecting the presence of alpha-adrenoceptors. In addition, the shifts induced by prazosin against A lead to Schild lines with slopes not different from 1.0. It is concluded that alpha-adrenoceptors are also present in the caecum, but its presence can only be clearly disclosed after blockade of beta-adrenoceptors. The results are discussed in relation to other situations known to hinder the determination of relative potencies and competitive antagonism, as for instance the removal of agonist from the vicinity of receptors by drug uptake mechanisms.

Comparison of the effect of calcium withdrawal from the medium and of blockade of extracellular calcium entry by isradipine on the contractile responses of the isolated rat stomach

The role of calcium in drug-induced contractions of rat gastric fundus strips was evaluated by determining the effect of two procedures on the dose-respponse curves of agonists: a) removal of calcium from the nutrient solution and b) blockade of calcium channels with the dihydrophydine isradipine. Gastric strips were obtanied from adult Wistar rats and suspended in Tyrode solution at 37-C for contraction studies. Dose-response curves for carbachol (CCh), serotonin (5-HT), KCl and BaCl2 were constructed under the two conditions descrived above. A complete blockade of contractile effects was observed for 5-HT and KCl 60 min after calcium withdrawal of after using 3 mM (45 min) of the calcium antagonist. A lower dose of antagonist or a shorter incubation in calcium-free solution caused a partial decrease of dose-response curves, added to a 30-fold shift to the right after the calcium antagonist (1mM), or a larger than 100-fold shift 3 min after calcium removal. In contrast, dose-response curves for CCh and BaCl2 were not significantly affected by either type of treatment. It is concluded that 5-HT and KCl utilize extracellular sources of calcium, whereas CCh or BaCl2 depends on a tightly-bound calcium pool in this preparation

Reinnervation of the transplanted vas deferens: differential recovery of various biochemical and pharmacological parameters.

Biochemical and pharmacological parameters were used to follow the innervation characteristics of the rat was deferens transplanted (T) to the caecum. After about 5 months, a regeneration of autonomic nerves was clearly shown: first, by a complete recovery of neuronal uptake, indicated by: a) potentiation by cocaine of epinephrine (EPI) dose-response curves (T = 1.47 +/- 0.25, controls (C) = 1.50 +/- 0.14 log units); b) reversion to normal levels of pD2 values for norepinephrine (NE) and EPI (T = 6.6 +/- 0.1; 7.0 +/- 0.1, and C = 6.4 +/- 0.1; 6.9 +/- 0.1, respectively); second, a partial restoration of nerve terminals, and corresponding pools of NE, which was seen through histofluorescence and was indicated by a percent increase of: a) NE content, 47% (T = 3.8 +/- 0.8, C = 8.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/g); b) dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, 37% (T = 136 +/- 80, C = 364 +/- 15 nmol(hr.g); c) release of NE by 57 mM-potassium, 23% (T = 33.0 +/- 12.0, C = 147 +/- 14 ng/g. 5 min). Yet, two peculiarities of denervated organs remained practically unchanged even after 5-month transplantation: NE supersensitivity, measured by the relative responsiveness (rho) ratio (T = 0.96 +/- 0.02, C = 0.69 +/- 0.03), and tyramine-induced contraction, that was recovered by only 14% (T = 10.0 +/- 2.4, C = 72.0 +/- 3.5 mm). This differential recovery of the aforementioned parameters is discussed in the light of receptor mechanisms and functional changes following reinnervation.

Release of contractile agents from rat vas deferens by clonidine.

Clonidine induces contractile effects on the isolated rat vas deferens, but not on rat uterus or guinea-pig ileum. However, we have observed that if clonidine is incubated for about 10 min with a nutrient solution containing an isolated rat vas deferens, the resulting solution can contract an isolated rat uterus, or guinea-pig ileum indicating the involvement of a substance released from the vas. This contractile effect was partially reduced by naloxone and by serotonin antagonists, and by using a denervated vas, indicating that opioids, serotonin and eventually other substances released from nerve tissue of the vas can be involved.

Comparison of the effect of calcium withdrawal from the medium and of blockade of extracellular calcium entry by isradipine on the contractile responses of the isolated rat stomach.

The role of calcium in drug-induced contractions of rat gastric fundus strips was evaluated by determining the effect of two procedures on the dose-response curves of agonists: a) removal of calcium from the nutrient solution and b) blockade of calcium channels with the dihydropyridine isradipine. Gastric strips were obtained from adult Wistar rats and suspended in Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C for contraction studies. Dose-response curves for carbachol (CCh), serotonin (5-HT), KCl and BaCl2 were constructed under the two conditions described above. A complete blockade of contractile effects was observed for 5-HT and KCl 60 min after calcium withdrawal or after using 3 nM (45 min) of the calcium antagonist. A lower dose of antagonist or a shorter incubation in calcium-free solution caused a partial decrease of dose-response curves, added to a 30-fold shift to the right after the calcium antagonist (1 nM), or a larger than 100-fold shift 3 min after calcium removal. In contrast, dose-response curves for CCh and BaCl2 were not significantly affected by either type of treatment. It is concluded that 5-HT and KCl utilize extracellular sources of calcium, whereas CCh or BaCl2 depends on a tightly-bound calcium pool in this preparation.

Contractile responses of the guinea-pig vas deferens to the combination of vanadium ions with ouabain.

1. Vanadate and vanadyl ions (10(-5)-10(-2) M) induced dose-dependent rhythmic contractions of the vas deferens of reserpine-treated guinea-pigs. The Na, K-ATPase blocker ouabain (10(-5)-10(-3) M) induced similar, though smaller, effects. Experiments were performed to verify if these effects are due to an interaction with the same receptor population. 2. Ouabain caused a striking potentiation of vanadium effects, which was also observed in denervated organs, indicating that a release of neuronal substances is not involved in potentiation. Similar potentiations were observed by combining vanadium with K-free solutions instead of ouabain, corroborating the involvement of the latter drug with Na, K, ATPase. 3. From the analysis of time-response and concentration-response curves, there are at least three indications that vanadium and ouabain interact with different sites: (a) the combined effect of both agonists was several times higher than the corresponding isolated effects; (b) the combined effect, expected to be independent of the order of addition of the agonist, was higher if vanadium was added before, than after ouabain; (c) the combined effect on the time elapsed between the addition of the two agonists, being higher if an interval of at least 10 min was allowed between vanadium and ouabain additions. 4. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that vanadium compounds and ouabain have a similar mechanism of action for the contraction induced in guinea-pig vas deferens.