The role of executive function in social competence and behavioural problems in childhood education / El rol de las funciones ejecutivas en la competencia social y en los problemas de conducta en educación infantil

Diverse studies have found a relationship between executive function, behavioral problems and social competence. However, until this moment, few studies have investigated the role of the distinct components of executive function in social competence, or in the most frequently encountered behavioral problems in childhood education. For this reason, the principal objective of this article is to evaluate the relation of the executive functions with behavioral problems and social competence in infancy. The study included 260 students in their last year of preschool. The results of path analysis showed that all components of executive functions predict, at least, a behavioral problem. However, only deficits in flexibility and working memory predicted adaptability and social abilities. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that of the variables of executive function analyzed, it is deficits in inhibition that relate to the greatest number of behavioral problems; whilst cognitive flexibility is the variable which has the strongest relation ship with adaptability and social skills

Diversos estudios han encontrado relaciones entre las funciones ejecutivas, los problemas de conducta y la competencia social. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, hay pocos estudios que hayan investigado el papel de los distintos componentes ejecutivos en la competencia social y los problemas de conducta más frecuentes en educación infantil. Por esta razón, el principal objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas, los problemas de conducta y la competencia social en la etapa infantil. En el estudio participaron 260 alumnos/as de 5 años. Los resultados del path analysis mostraron que todos los componentes de las funciones ejecutivas predecían, al menos, un factor de los problemas de conducta. Sin embargo, solo los déficits en flexibilidad y en memoria de trabajo predijeron la adaptabilidad y las habilidades sociales. En conclusión, los resultados del estudio muestran que las funciones ejecutivas actúan como un factor de protección de los problemas de conducta y son importantes en el desarrollo de la competencia social

Efecto del programa Aprender a Convivir en la competencia social y en los problemas de conducta del alumnado de 3 años / Effect of the "Aprender a Convivir" program on social competence and behavioral problems in three-year-old children

La competencia social facilita el ajuste social y escolar del individuo siendo un importante factor de protección frente a la aparición de problemas de conducta. La adquisición de habilidades relacionadas con esta competencia depende en gran medida del ambiente y la estimulación temprana, cobrando gran importancia los programas de intervención educativa. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar los efectos de un programa de intervención temprana (Aprender a Convivir) dirigido al desarrollo de la competencia social del alumnado de 3 años. Para valorar el impacto del programa se tomaron medidas pretest y postest entre los participantes y se realizó la comparación entre el grupo control (n=151) y el grupo experimental (n=162) a través de un ANOVA mixto de medidas repetidas. Por otro lado, se llevó a cabo un ANCOVA para eliminar las diferencias pretest entre los grupos en el caso de que fuesen significativas. Los resultados de la investigación señalan una mejora del grupo experimental con respecto al grupo control en todas las variables de competencia social (cooperación d=0.32; interacción d=0.65; e independencia social d=0.35) y de problemas de conducta (interiorizados d=0.63; y exteriorizados d=0.57) analizadas. También se hallaron diferencias de sexo en cada una de las variables

Social competence facilitates social and school adjustment of the individual and has emerged as one of the most important protective factor against the development of behavioral problems. Acquiring skills related to this competence depends largely on the environment and early stimulation, gaining importance the educational intervention programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an early intervention program (Aprender a Convivir) directed towards social competence development of three-year old children. Pretest and postest measures were taken among the participants and the comparison was performed between the control group (n=151) and the experimental group (n=162) through a repeated-measures mixed ANOVA. On the other hand an ANCOVA was carried out in order to eliminate the pretest differences between groups in the case that would be significant. The results indicate a significant improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group in all the social competence (cooperation d=0.32; interaction d=0.65; and social independence d=0.35) and conduct problem (internalizing d=0.63; and externalizing d=0.57) variables analyzed. Sex differences were also found

Factor structure of the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ) at Spanish Universities

The Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) has been used in psychology research during the last decade. The instrument has been used in a variety of life domains: psychological well-being, dispositional happiness, depressive symptoms and career adaptability. This investigation studies the factor structure and internal consistency of the SRQ, extracting a short version in the Spanish context and examining its relation to academic variables (self-regulated learning and grades). The analysis started from a version with 63 items, representing seven conceptual dimensions. This version was administered to a sample of 834 students from Education and Psychology. The data from the above-mentioned sample were randomly divided into two sets, each containing 50% of the students (n = 417): exploratory and confirmatory. In the exploratory sample, exploratory factor analysis findings suggested a more parsimonious measurement model, with 17 items and 4 first-order factors. The confirmatory sample was used in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results show evidence for the internal consistency of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ) in the Spanish context, with indices greater than .90 and errors around .05. Regarding academic variables, both versions are related to self-regulated learning (r = .40, p < .01) and students’ grades (r = .15, p < .01). Differences from other studies done in North America are discussed, as well as similarities to a study from North-West University (in South Africa) (AU)

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The effects of question-generation training on metacognitive knowledge, self regulation and learning approaches in science / Efectos del entrenamiento en generación de preguntas sobre el conocimiento metacognitivo, la autorregulación y los enfoques de aprendizaje en Ciencias

BACKGROUND: Although much research has examined the impact of question generation on students' reading comprehension and learning from lectures, far less research has analysed its influence on how students learn and study science. The present study aims to bridge this knowledge gap. METHOD: Using a quasi-experimental design, three complete ninth-grade science classes, with a total of 72 students, were randomly assigned to three conditions (groups): (G1) questioning-training by providing prompts; (G2) question-generation without any explicit instruction; and (G3) no question control. Participants' pre-test and post-test self-reported measures of metacognitive knowledge, self-regulation and learning approaches were collected and data analysed with multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance. RESULTS: (a) MANCOVA revealed a significant effect for group; (b) ANCOVAs showed the highest average gains for G1 and statistically significant between-group differences in the two components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation; and (c) the direction of these differences seemed to vary in each of these components. CONCLUSIONS: Question-generation training influenced how students learned and studied, specifically their metacognition, and it had a medium to large effect size, which was somewhat related to the prompts used

ANTECEDENTES: aunque muchas investigaciones han examinado el impacto de la generación de preguntas en la comprensión lectora de los estudiantes, pocas de ellas han analizado su influencia en cómo los estudiantes aprenden y estudian en Ciencias. Este estudio pretende reducir ese déficit de conocimientos. MÉTODO: utilizando un diseño cuasi-experimental, tres clases de Ciencias de noveno grado (N = 72 estudiantes) fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a tres grupos: (G1) entrenamiento en generación de preguntas mediante indicaciones; (G2) generación de preguntas sin instrucción explícita; y (G3) grupo control. Los participantes proporcionaron medidas de autoinforme pre-test y post-test en conocimiento metacognitivo, autorregulación y enfoques de aprendizaje, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante análisis de covarianza univariados y multivariados. RESULTADOS: a) el MANCOVA reveló un efecto significativo del factor Grupo; b) los ANCOVAs mostraron el cambio promedio más elevado para G1 y diferencias significativas en dos componentes de la metacognición (conocimiento y autorregulación); y c) la dirección de esas diferencias pareció variar en cada uno de esos componentes. CONCLUSIONES: entrenar en generar preguntas influenció el modo de aprender de los estudiantes (e.g., metacognición), influencia de tamaño medio a grande relacionada con las indicaciones utilizadas

The effects of question-generation training on metacognitive knowledge, self regulation and learning approaches in science.

BACKGROUND: Although much research has examined the impact of question generation on students' reading comprehension and learning from lectures, far less research has analysed its influence on how students learn and study science. The present study aims to bridge this knowledge gap. METHOD: Using a quasi-experimental design, three complete ninth-grade science classes, with a total of 72 students, were randomly assigned to three conditions (groups): (G1) questioning-training by providing prompts; (G2) question-generation without any explicit instruction; and (G3) no question control. Participants' pre-test and post-test self-reported measures of metacognitive knowledge, self-regulation and learning approaches were collected and data analysed with multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance. RESULTS: (a) MANCOVA revealed a significant effect for group; (b) ANCOVAs showed the highest average gains for G1 and statistically significant between-group differences in the two components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation; and (c) the direction of these differences seemed to vary in each of these components. CONCLUSIONS: Question-generation training influenced how students learned and studied, specifically their metacognition, and it had a medium to large effect size, which was somewhat related to the prompts used.

Factor structure of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) at Spanish universities.

The Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) has been used in psychology research during the last decade. The instrument has been used in a variety of life domains: psychological well-being, dispositional happiness, depressive symptoms and career adaptability. This investigation studies the factor structure and internal consistency of the SRQ, extracting a short version in the Spanish context and examining its relation to academic variables (self-regulated learning and grades). The analysis started from a version with 63 items, representing seven conceptual dimensions. This version was administered to a sample of 834 students from Education and Psychology. The data from the above-mentioned sample were randomly divided into two sets, each containing 50% of the students (n = 417): exploratory and confirmatory. In the exploratory sample, exploratory factor analysis findings suggested a more parsimonious measurement model, with 17 items and 4 first-order factors. The confirmatory sample was used in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results show evidence for the internal consistency of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ) in the Spanish context, with indices greater than .90 and errors around .05. Regarding academic variables, both versions are related to self-regulated learning (r = .40, p < .01) and students' grades (r = .15, p < .01). Differences from other studies done in North America are discussed, as well as similarities to a study from North-West University (in South Africa).

Análisis de la estructura factorial de las puntuaciones de la «Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale» en población española / Factor structure analysis of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale scores in Spanish population

La competencia social y el comportamiento antisocial del niño son variables de gran interés para los investigadores y los educadores. No obstante, son pocos los instrumentos de evaluación disponibles que miden ambos constructos en niños pequeños. El objetivo del estudio, pues, es examinar la validez estructural del Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2) con el fi n de comprobar el modelo teórico que mejor se ajusta a los datos obtenidos en una muestra española. En el estudio participan 1.509 alumnos (741 niños y 768 niñas) de Educación Infantil de 3 y a 6 años de edad (media= 3,78; DT= 0,815). Los datos se analizaron con el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 17.0) y el programa Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). Tanto el modelo de habilidades sociales como el de problemas de conducta resultantes presentan valores de ajuste adecuados, saturaciones estadísticamente significativas e índices de consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa) elevados. Finalmente, se obtiene un modelo estructural de dos factores. Un primer factor de habilidades sociales compuesto por tres variables (cooperación social, interacción social e independencia social) y un segundo factor sobre problemas de conducta con dos variables (exteriorización de problemas e interiorización de problemas) (AU)

Social competence and antisocial behavior in children are interesting variables for researchers and educators. Nonetheless, there are few assessment instruments capable of measuring the two constructs in small children. The aim of this study is to verify the structural validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2), in order to determine the theoretical model that best fits the data from a Spanish sample. 1509 children from preschool education (741 males and 768 females) from 3 to 6 years old (M= 3.78; SD= 0.815) participated in the study. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) and the Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). The resulting models of social skills and behavioral problems show adequate fi t indexes, statistically significant loadings, and a high internal consistency index (Cronbach’s alpha). Lastly, the structural model confirms a two-factor structure: a first factor of Social Skills, comprising three variables (social cooperation, social interaction, and social independence), and a second factor of Behavior Problems, comprising two variables (externalization and internalization of problems) (AU)

[Factor structure analysis of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale scores in Spanish population]. / Análisis de la estructura factorial de las puntuaciones de la «Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale¼ en población española.

Social competence and antisocial behavior in children are interesting variables for researchers and educators. Nonetheless, there are few assessment instruments capable of measuring the two constructs in small children. The aim of this study is to verify the structural validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2), in order to determine the theoretical model that best fits the data from a Spanish sample. 1509 children from preschool education (741 males and 768 females) from 3 to 6 years old (M= 3.78; SD= 0.815) participated in the study. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) and the Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). The resulting models of social skills and behavioral problems show adequate fit indexes, statistically significant loadings, and a high internal consistency index (Cronbach's alpha). Lastly, the structural model confirms a two-factor structure: a first factor of Social Skills, comprising three variables (social cooperation, social interaction, and social independence), and a second factor of Behavior Problems, comprising two variables (externalization and internalization of problems).

Un modelo de los efectos del abuso sexual infantil sobre el estrés post-traumático: el rol mediador de las atribuciones de culpa y afrontamiento de evitación / A model of the effects of child sexual abuse on post-traumatic stress: The mediating role of attributions of blame and avoidance coping

Mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales se analizan los efectos directos e indirectos de la gravedad del Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI), las atribuciones de culpa por el abuso y las estrategias de afrontamiento sobre la sintomatología del Trastorno de Estrés Post-traumático (TEP). Se controlaron además los efectos de otros maltratos sufridos durante la infancia. La muestra estaba compuesta por 163 estudiantes universitarias víctimas de ASI. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las víctimas de abusos más graves presentan niveles superiores de autoinculpación, inculpación a la familia y empleo de estrategias de evitación. El haber sufrido otro tipo de maltrato se encontraba también relacionado con niveles superiores de inculpación a la familia. Por último, las dos atribuciones de culpa se encontraban indirectamente relacionadas con el TEP a través del afrontamiento de evitación. Las fuertes relaciones halladas entre las atribuciones de culpa, estrategias de afrontamiento y TEP sugieren que sería útil la intervención temprana con víctimas de ASI en un esfuerzo por modificar las atribuciones que realizan acerca del abuso y el modo en que lo afrontan (AU)

Employing structural equation modeling, the direct and indirect effects of the severity of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), attributions of blame for the abuse, and coping strategies on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology are analyzed. The effects of other types of child maltreatment on PTSD were also controlled. The sample comprised 163 female college students who were victims of CSA. The results suggested that victims of more severe abuse showed higher levels of avoidant coping, self blame, and family blame. Having suffered other kinds of abuse or neglect was also related to higher family blame attributions. Lastly, both attributions of blame scales were indirectly related to PTSD symptomatology through avoidant coping. The strong relationships between attributions of blame, coping strategies, and PTSD suggest that it might be useful to intervene early with children who have suffered CSA in an effort to modify the attributions they make about the abuse and the way they cope with it (AU)

[A model of the effects of child sexual abuse on post-traumatic stress: the mediating role of attributions of blame and avoidance coping]. / Un modelo de los efectos del abuso sexual infantil sobre el estrés post-traumático: el rol mediador de las atribuciones de culpa y afrontamiento de evitación.

Employing structural equation modeling, the direct and indirect effects of the severity of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), attributions of blame for the abuse, and coping strategies on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology are analyzed. The effects of other types of child maltreatment on PTSD were also controlled. The sample comprised 163 female college students who were victims of CSA. The results suggested that victims of more severe abuse showed higher levels of avoidant coping, self blame, and family blame. Having suffered other kinds of abuse or neglect was also related to higher family blame attributions. Lastly, both attributions of blame scales were indirectly related to PTSD symptomatology through avoidant coping. The strong relationships between attributions of blame, coping strategies, and PTSD suggest that it might be useful to intervene early with children who have suffered CSA in an effort to modify the attributions they make about the abuse and the way they cope with it.

The effects of perpetrator age and abuse disclosure on the relationship between feelings provoked by child sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress.

The present study examined the relationship between feelings provoked by child sexual abuse (CSA) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom scores in a sample of 163 female survivors of CSA. Finkelhor and Browne's traumagenic dynamics model was applied. The interactive effects of provoked feelings with perpetrator age and the existence of abuse disclosure were also studied. Results showed an overall relationship between feelings provoked by CSA and PTSD symptom scores. Feelings of stigma, betrayal, and powerlessness as a result of CSA were associated with PTSD symptom score when the entire group of CSA victims was analyzed. The role of traumatic sexualization was relevant only when analyzed in interaction with the age of the perpetrator and disclosure. The relationship between traumatic sexualization and PTSD symptom scores was only significant when the abuse was committed by an adult perpetrator and when a disclosure was made during the time of abuse, or a short time after the abuse had occurred.

Prácticas de crianza y competencia social en niños de 3 a 5 años

La competencia social es una de las habilidades básicas para el desarrollo de la persona en la sociedad. La familia es el primero y más importante agente socializador en la primera infancia, pues durante ese periodo de tiempo los niños aprenden las destrezas sociales, actitudes y habilidades necesariaspara adaptarse al contexto social donde viven. Con el presente trabajo se pretende conocer la relación entre las prácticas de crianza que ejercen los padres y la competencia social que desarrollan los hijos. Participaron 206 alumnos de edades comprendidas entre 3 y 5 años y los padres de las 206 familias correspondientes. Los resultados muestran que el control parental es una de las prácticas de crianza con más efectos positivos en la competencia social de los hijos. Por el contrario, otras prácticas decrianza, como la utilización del castigo físico o la expresión de afecto negativo, se relacionan con conductas socialmente inadaptadas.

Social competence is one of the most important skills for the adequate personal adjustment to society.The family becomes the first and most important childhood socializing agent because during this period children learn social skills, attitudes and other skills necessary for adapting themselves to thecontext in which they are living. The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between parents’ rearing styles and children’s social competence. In the study, 206 students from 3 to 5 years old and their parents were involved. Results show that parental supervision is one of the characteristicsof rearing styles that has the most positive effects on children’s social competence. On the contrary,other rearing practices such as the use of punishment or negative expression of affection are related with maladjusted behaviors.

A concorrência social é uma das habilidades mais importantes para o adequado desenvolvimento de uma pessoa na sociedade. A família se transforma no primeiro e mais importante agente de socializaçãona primeira infância, já que é durante é este período de tempo quando as crianças aprendem as destrezas sociais, atitudes e habilidades necessárias para adaptar-se ao contexto social no qual vivem. Com o presente trabalho se pretende conhecer a relação entre as práticas de criação dos pais e aconcorrência social dos filhos. Participaram 206 alunos de idades compreendidas entre 3 e 5 anos eos pais das 206 famílias correspondentes. Os resultados mostram que o controle parental é uma das práticas de criação que mais efeitos positivos tem na concorrência social dos filhos. Pelo contrário, outras práticas de criação como a utilização do castigo físico ou a expressão de afeto negativo, se relacionam com condutas socialmente inadaptadas.

[Child sexual abuse coping and long term psychological adjustment]. / Afrontamiento del abuso sexual infantil y ajuste psicológico a largo plazo.

The aim of the study was to analyze the consequences of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) on the psychological adjustment of university students, as well as the way in which several avoidance and approach coping strategies affect that adjustment. The sample comprised 1162 students from the University of Granada. Data about CSA was obtained from a questionnaire developed with this aim. We used the How I Deal with Things Scale of Burt and Katz to evaluate coping strategies, whereas depression and self-esteem were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, respectively. Subjects who were victims of CSA showed significantly higher scores on depression and lower scores on self-esteem. An analysis of coping strategies revealed that only the use of avoidance strategies was related to psychological adjustment. Subjects who used these strategies obtained higher scores on depression and lower scores on self-esteem. These results confirm the idea of CSA as a risk experience that can affect victims' psychological adjustment, to a greater or lesser extent, according to the coping strategy employed.

[Learning approaches, self-regulation and achievement in three European universities]. / Enfoques de aprendizaje, autorregulación y rendimiento en tres universidades europeas.

The current study seeks to analyze the relationship between learning approaches, self-regulation and performance. Data are gathered from three public European universities, one from the UK (University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and two from Spain (Universities of Almeria and Granada). Two self-report measurements were used to collect information, the R-SPQ-2F questionnaire and the IATLP Scales. Results indicate that learning approaches are related to self-regulation and to academic performance. Different relationships with learning approaches are obtained depending on the type of performance analyzed (conceptual, procedural, attitudinal), which may account for divergent conclusions in other research studies. New lines of research are proposed based on the conclusions.

Efectos de un programa de intervención para la mejora de la competencia social en niños de educación primaria en Bolivia / Effects of an intervention program for improving social competence among Primary

Los datos demuestran que el desarrollo adecuado y positivo de habilidades sociales en la infancia es un cimiento importante para el buen ajuste social, ocupacional y personal a lo largo de la vida. Igualmente, el desarrollo de habilidades sociales inadecuadas durante la niñez está asociado a diversas consecuencias negativas, incluyendo problemas psiquiátricos, problemas externos como la conducta antisocial agresiva y el trastorno por déficit de atención por hiperactividad, así como problemas internos como la depresión, el retraimiento social y la ansiedad. Por todo ello, consideramos de vital importancia el desarrollo de estas habilidades en edades tempranas. Este estudio pretende evaluar los efectos de un programa de habilidades sociales, dirigido a niños y niñas de primero, segundo y tercer curso de Educación Primaria de la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia). Los resultados muestran una mejora significativa en competencia social y socialización en los participantes (AU)

Scientific findings show that an adequate and positive development of social skills during childhood is an important base of social, occupational and personal adjustment through life-span. On the other hand, it has been stablished that unfit social skills development during childhood is associated with negative effects like aggressive and antisocial behaviors, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as well as internalizing problems like depression, social withdrawal and anxiousness. For these reasons, the development of social skills as earlier as possible is crucial. In this paper we try to assess the effects of a program focused on social skills for boys and girls from the first, second and third years of Primary Education from Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia). The results show significant improvement of social competence and socialization among the participants (AU)

Afrontamiento del abuso sexual infantil y ajuste psicológico a largo plazo / Child sexual abuse coping and long term psychological adjustment

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar las consecuencias a largo plazo del Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) sobre el ajuste psicológico de estudiantes universitarios, así como comprobar los efectos en dicho ajuste del empleo de diversas estrategias de afrontamiento de evitación y aproximativas. Participaron 1.162 estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada. Los datos sobre el ASI se obtuvieron mediante un Cuestionario elaborado con esta finalidad. Para evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento se utilizó la escala How I deal with Things, de Burt y Katz, mientras que la depresión y autoestima se determinaron mediante el Beck Depression Inventory y la Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, respectivamente. Los participantes víctimas de ASI, frente al grupo de comparación, presentaron puntuaciones significativamente superiores en depresión e inferiores en autoestima. El análisis de las estrategias de afrontamiento reveló que únicamente el empleo de estrategias de evitación se relacionaba con el ajuste psicológico, mostrando los participantes que hacen uso de ellas puntuaciones superiores en depresión e inferiores en autoestima. Los resultados confirman la idea de que el ASI supone una experiencia de riesgo que puede afectar en mayor o menor medida al ajuste de las víctimas en función de la estrategia de afrontamiento util

The aim of the study was to analyze the consequences of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) on the psychological adjustment of university students, as well as the way in which several avoidance and approach coping strategies affect that adjustment. The sample comprised 1162 students from the University of Granada. Data about CSA was obtained from a questionnaire developed with this aim. We used the How I Deal with Things Scale of Burt and Katz to evaluate coping strategies, whereas depression and self-esteem were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, respectively. Subjects who were victims of CSA showed significantly higher scores on depression and lower scores on self-esteem. An analysis of coping strategies revealed that only the use of avoidance strategies was related to psychological adjustment. Subjects who used these strategies obtained higher scores on depression and lower scores on self-esteem. These results confirm the idea of CSA as a risk experience that can affect victims’ psychological adjustment, to a greater or lesser extent, according to the coping strategy employed

Enfoques de aprendizaje, autorregulación y rendimiento en tres universidades europeas / Learning approaches, self-regulation and achievement in three European universities

El trabajo analiza la relación entre enfoques de aprendizaje, autorregulación y rendimiento en estudiantes universitarios de tres universidades públicas europeas: una británica (UWIC, Cardiff, UK) y dos españolas (Almería y Granada). Se utilizan dos medidas de autoinforme para la recogida de información, el cuestionario R-SPQ-2F y las escalas EIPEA. Los resultados indican relaciones de los enfoques con la autorregulación y el rendimiento académico. Según el tipo de rendimiento analizado (conceptual, procedimental, actitudinal) se producen relaciones diferentes con los enfoques, lo que puede dar explicación a las conclusiones dispares encontradas en otras investigaciones. A partir de las conclusiones se proponen nuevas líneas de investigación

The current study seeks to analyze the relationship between learning approaches, self-regulation and performance. Data are gathered from three public European universities, one from the UK (University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and two from Spain (Universities of Almeria and Granada). Two self-report measurements were used to collect information, the R-SPQ-2F questionnaire and the IATLP Scales. Results indicate that learning approaches are related to self-regulation and to academic performance. Different relationships with learning approaches are obtained depending on the type of performance analyzed (conceptual, procedural, attitudinal), which may account for divergent conclusions in other research studies. New lines of research are proposed based on the conclusions

El fenómeno del acoso laboral entre los trabajadores de la universidad / O fenômeno mobbing entre os trabalhadores da universidade / The phenomenon of mobbing among university employees

El objetivo del artículo es realizar una descripción del fenómemo mobbing -acoso laboral- en el contexto de la universidad. Los trabajos realizadossobre este problema no son muy prolíficos lo que puede explicar la gran dificultad para caracterizar el fenómeno en el ámbito universitario. En el presente trabajo presentamos los niveles de incidencia del acoso laboral entre la población universitaria, los tipos de acoso más frecuentes y los efectos producidos en las víctimas, con la finalidad de caracterizar y definir el problema. Al mismo tiempo, intentamos conocer la influencia de determinadas variables como la edad, género y tiempo de victimización. En este sentido, y de acuerdo con otros estudios realizados, encontramos diferencias estadísticas en función del género de las víctimas. Del mismo modo, los resultados apuntan que la frecuencia y duración del acoso laboral afectan negativamente a las víctimas provocando un empeoramiento de los efectos derivados del acoso.(AU)

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma descrição do fenômeno mobbing -tormento e persecução no lugar do trabalho- no contexto da universidade. Há poucos trabalhos realizados sob este problema nos contextos de educação superior o que pode explicar a grande dificuldade para caracterizar o fenômeno no âmbito universitário. Neste artigo apresentamos os níveis de incidência entre a população universitária, os tipos de mobbing mais freqüentes e os efeitos produzidos nas vítimas com a finalidade de caracterizar e definir o problema. Ao mesmo tempo, tentamos conhecer a influência de determinadas variáveis tais como a idade, gênero ou o tempo de exposição ao fenômeno. Neste sentido, e em concordância com outros estudos realizados, encontramos diferenças estatísticas em função do gênero das vítimas. De igual forma, os dados apontam que a freqüência e duração da situação de persecução no trabalho afetam negativamente as vítimas provocando um agravamento dos efeitos derivados do mobbing.(AU)

The objective of this article is to carry out a description of mobbing -workplace bullying- within the university context. There are few studies which have focused their interest in this problem into the higher educational sector and it can explain the great difficulties for characterizing and defining the phenomenon into the university context. In this work, we present results about incidence taxes, most frequent mobbing behaviours and the effects on victims in order to characterize and define the problem. At the same time, we try to know about the influence of specific variables as age, gender or time of exposition to mobbing. In this sense, and in agreement with other studies, we found statistical differences related to victims' gender. In the same way, the results point out that frequency and duration of mobbing situations affects negatively to victim provoking an aggravation of the effects derived from mobbing.(AU)

El fenómeno del acoso laboral entre los trabajadores de la universidad / O fenômeno mobbing entre os trabalhadores da universidade / The phenomenon of mobbing among university employees

El objetivo del artículo es realizar una descripción del fenómemo mobbing -acoso laboral- en el contexto de la universidad. Los trabajos realizadossobre este problema no son muy prolíficos lo que puede explicar la gran dificultad para caracterizar el fenómeno en el ámbito universitario. En el presente trabajo presentamos los niveles de incidencia del acoso laboral entre la población universitaria, los tipos de acoso más frecuentes y los efectos producidos en las víctimas, con la finalidad de caracterizar y definir el problema. Al mismo tiempo, intentamos conocer la influencia de determinadas variables como la edad, género y tiempo de victimización. En este sentido, y de acuerdo con otros estudios realizados, encontramos diferencias estadísticas en función del género de las víctimas. Del mismo modo, los resultados apuntan que la frecuencia y duración del acoso laboral afectan negativamente a las víctimas provocando un empeoramiento de los efectos derivados del acoso.

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma descrição do fenômeno mobbing -tormento e persecução no lugar do trabalho- no contexto da universidade. Há poucos trabalhos realizados sob este problema nos contextos de educação superior o que pode explicar a grande dificuldade para caracterizar o fenômeno no âmbito universitário. Neste artigo apresentamos os níveis de incidência entre a população universitária, os tipos de mobbing mais freqüentes e os efeitos produzidos nas vítimas com a finalidade de caracterizar e definir o problema. Ao mesmo tempo, tentamos conhecer a influência de determinadas variáveis tais como a idade, gênero ou o tempo de exposição ao fenômeno. Neste sentido, e em concordância com outros estudos realizados, encontramos diferenças estatísticas em função do gênero das vítimas. De igual forma, os dados apontam que a freqüência e duração da situação de persecução no trabalho afetam negativamente as vítimas provocando um agravamento dos efeitos derivados do mobbing.

The objective of this article is to carry out a description of mobbing -workplace bullying- within the university context. There are few studies which have focused their interest in this problem into the higher educational sector and it can explain the great difficulties for characterizing and defining the phenomenon into the university context. In this work, we present results about incidence taxes, most frequent mobbing behaviours and the effects on victims in order to characterize and define the problem. At the same time, we try to know about the influence of specific variables as age, gender or time of exposition to mobbing. In this sense, and in agreement with other studies, we found statistical differences related to victims' gender. In the same way, the results point out that frequency and duration of mobbing situations affects negatively to victim provoking an aggravation of the effects derived from mobbing.

La Liga de Alumnos Amigos: desarrollo de las habilidades sociales del alumnado para prestar apoyo socioemocional / The Students’ League of Friends: Students’ social skills develop-ment for providing social and emotional support

Integrado en el proyecto subvencionado por la Unión Europea Training and Mobility for Researchers para el estudio y la prevención de los malos tratos entre iguales y por el Proyecto Sócrates Comenius I, se desarrolla el Programa de Educación para la Convivencia en Contextos Educativos (EC-CE) destinado a combatir y prevenir el maltrato entre iguales. Una de las vías de intervención establecidas en este programa tenía como población diana al alumnado. En este estudio presentamos el programa de formación dirigido a este colectivo y denominado Liga de Alumnos Amigos, así como los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación. Se trata de un programa de apoyo socioemocional entre estudiantes cuya finalidad es lograr que los alumnos adquieran y/o desarrollen las habilidades comunicativas y de ayuda necesarias para el establecimiento de relaciones interpersonales positivas, así como relaciones de ayuda, con otros compañeros en situaciones de riesgo, sean de índole académica, personal, familiar, etc. Para tal finalidad, trabajamos específicamente las habilidades sociales del alumnado. Los datos obtenidos indican una mejoría en los participantes en el programa de formación que se traducen en una mejora significativa de las habilidades sociales en comparación con aquellos que no recibieron la formación. Los datos permiten establecer un desarrollo en habilidades tales como la empatía, la asertividad, la resolución de problemas, etc

Integrated in the European project TMR - Training and Mobility for researchers about nature and prevention of bullying against school violence and the Comenius Socrates Project, is developed the programme Education for Coexistence in Educative Contexts which main goal is to prevent bullying. One intervention way established in this programme has students as target population. In this article we present the training programme called Students League of Friends as well as the main evaluation results. It is a social and emotional support programme among students which main objective is to endow the students the communicative and helping skills which are necessary to establish positive relationships, as well as supporting relation-ships with other companions at risk. For such purpose, we specifically work students’ social skills. The collected data point out an improvement in the students who participated in the training programme that is related with a significant improvement of their social skills in comparison with students who did not receive any formation. The data allows us to show a development in social skills such as empathy, assertiveness, problem resolution skills, etc