Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber.

The aim of this study was the utilization of ground tea waste (GT) left after brewing black tea as a biofiller in natural rubber (NR) composites. Ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, often used to extract phytochemicals from tea, were applied to improve the dispersibility of GT particles in the elastomeric matrix. The influence of GT loading and ILs on curing characteristics, crosslink density, mechanical properties, thermal stability and resistance of NR composites to thermo-oxidative aging was investigated. The amount of GT did not significantly affect curing characteristics and crosslink density of NR composites, but had serious impact on tensile properties. Applying 10 phr of GT improved the tensile strength by 40% compared to unfilled NR. Further increasing GT content worsened the tensile strength due to the agglomeration of biofiller in the elastomer matrix. ILs significantly improved the dispersion of GT particles in the elastomer and increased the crosslink density by 20% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the poor thermal stability of pure GT, it reduced the thermal stability of vulcanizates compared to unfilled NR. Above all, GT-filled NR exhibited enhanced resistance to thermo-oxidation since the aging factor increased by 25% compared to the unfilled vulcanizate.

Clinical significance of plasma PAF acetylhydrolase activity measurements as a biomarker of anaphylaxis: Cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has a direct role as a mediator in the pathogenesis of various disorders with an inflammatory component, including those with allergic aetiology. The peripheral blood concentration of PAF is dynamically regulated by plasma PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Previous research suggest that low activity of plasma PAF-AH could be a predictive marker for increased severity of some types of allergic hypersensitivity reactions-especially anaphylaxis. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the association between plasma PAF-AH activity and severity in patients with anaphylactic reactions following a wasp or bee sting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group of 89 patients was divided into two subgroups depending on the increasing severity of the most severe anaphylactic reaction in the past, which was assessed according to the Müller's scale. The first subgroup included participants with a history of hypersensitivity reactions up to grade II. The second subgroup consisted of patients who have experienced at least one grade III or IV reactions in the past. A control group of 20 people was established. Plasma PAF-AH activity was measured using a colorimetric method. RESULTS: It has been observed that plasma activity of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase was significantly lower in patients with anaphylaxis history compared to the control group with negative atopic history (on average 21.38 nmol/min/ml for the control group, 9.47 nmol/min/ml for the first subgroup and 10.16 nmol/min/ml for the second subgroup, in both cases p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The plasma activity of PAF-AH is a promising parameter that can help to distinguish a group of patients not threatened with development of anaphylaxis and not requiring laborious or expensive prophylactic procedures.

Common atherosclerosis genetic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: the relevance of disease duration.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased cardiovascular morbidity. Several previous studies assessed associations between common atherosclerotic genetic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) in RA patients, yet most of them gave negative results. We undertook a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between previously reported SNPs and subclinical atherosclerosis in a cohort of Polish RA patients. 29 SNPs associated with atherosclerosis in general population were genotyped in 289 RA patients: 116 patients with SA (increased carotid intima-media thickness and/or presence of carotid plaque) and 173 patients without SA. To assess the cumulative effect of SNPs we calculated 3 weighted genetic risk scores: GRSIMT, GRSCP and GRSCAD, comprising intima-media thickness-associated SNPs, carotid plaque-associated SNPs and coronary artery disease-associated SNPs, respectively. None of the SNPs showed a significant association with SA. However, we found an association between SA and GRSIMT. Interestingly, this association was limited to patients with short disease duration (P = 0.00004 vs. P > 0.5, for comparison of GRSIMT among patients within the 1st quartile of disease duration vs. others, respectively). Patients within the 1st quartile of disease duration were more frequently disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)-naïve and less frequently treated with biologics. Our study suggests that in patients with early RA subclinical atherosclerosis may be driven by similar genetic factors as in general population, while in long-lasting disease, the role common genetic risk factors may decrease. Possibly, this effect may be due to the influence of DMARDs.

Treat-to-target therapy does not prevent excessive progression of carotid intima media thickness during the first year of therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis and predictors of change in carotid intima-media measures in early rheumatoid arthritis patients (eRA) as compared to chronic RA patients and patients without arthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive eRA patients were assessed at the time of diagnosis and after 1 year of therapy. Fifty-five sex- and age-matched chronic RA patients and 29 patients without inflammatory disease were used as controls. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaques were measured at baseline and after follow-up. In eRA patients ultrasound assessment of hand joints was performed before and after treatment. Carotid artery intima-media thickness was assessed again after 2 years in 44 eRA patients. RESULTS: Carotid artery intima-media thickness progression after 1 year of therapy was higher in eRA patients compared to both control groups (p = 0.017) and correlated with symptoms duration (p = 0.017) and DMARD monotherapy (p = 0.015). Ultrasound progression of hand joint erosions was associated with longer symptoms duration (p = 0.006). After 2 years of observation CIMT progression was similar in all examined groups. CONCLUSIONS: We observed rapid CIMT progression during the first year of RA therapy. Longer symptoms duration and less aggressive therapy were associated with CIMT increase.

Prevalence of Atherosclerosis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare the prevalence of preclinical atherosclerosis in diabetic vs. non-diabetic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients; (2) to determine the influence of classical and RA-related factors on atherosclerosis; (3) to assess the usefulness of combined carotid and femoral ultrasonography in detecting atherosclerosis. METHODS: The study comprised 42 non-diabetic RA patients, 42 diabetic RA patients and 42 controls. Intima media thickness (IMT) was measured in the common carotid and superficial femoral arteries. These vessels were screened for atherosclerotic plaque. RESULTS: Plaque was more prevalent in diabetic RA patients than in non-diabetic RA patients or controls. Carotid IMT and femoral IMT were higher in diabetic RA patients compared to controls. So was femoral IMT in diabetic compared to non-diabetic RA patients. The prevalence of increased IMT and plaque was comparable in carotid ultrasonography and combined carotid and femoral ultrasonography in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical atherosclerosis was found to be higher in diabetic RA patients than in non-diabetic RA patients. The combination of carotid and femoral artery ultrasonography did not improve the detection of atherosclerosis in RA.

Systemic lupus erythematosus: the influence of disease-related and classical risk factors on intima media thickness and prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques--a preliminary report. Beneficial effect of immunosuppressive treatment on carotid intima media thickness.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A meta-analysis showed increased carotid intima media thickness (IMT) in SLE. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different SLE characteristics and treatment regimens on IMT and atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and three SLE patients and 95 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included in the study. MT was measured in the common carotid arteries bilaterally. Common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries and superficial femoral arteries were also screened for the presence of plaques. The presence of plaques was correlated with age (P = 0.00002), male sex (P = 0.034), Framingham 10-year risk score (P < 1 x 10(-6)), SLE duration (P = 0.00006), lack of immunologic disorder (P = 0.0014) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (P = 0.049). IMT was associated with SLE duration (P = 0.002), body mass index (P = 0.026), Framingham 10-year risk score (P < 0.001), total cholesterol concentration (P = 0.002), LDL cholesterol concentration (P = 0.007), SLICC/ACR (P = 0.035), hypertension (P = 0.002), immunologic disorder (P = 0.00008) and discontinuous treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: We found a correlation between atherosclerosis and several classical cardiovascular risk factors and disease-related factors. A beneficial effect of continuous immunosuppressive treatment on IMT suggests that appropriate disease control with steroid-sparing agents may protect against atherosclerosis in SLE patients.

Methotrexate, Cyclosporine A, and Biologics Protect against Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A meta-analysis showed increased intima media thickness (IMT) in RA. It has been shown that disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may influence the progression of atherosclerosis. However, it was suggested that biologics may be more efficient than other DMARDs (including methotrexate--MTX) in protecting against atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different RA characteristics and treatment regimens on IMT and atherosclerotic plaques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 317 RA patients and 111 controls were included in the study. IMT was measured in carotid (CIMT) and femoral (FIMT) arteries. Arteries were screened for the presence of plaques. RESULTS: CIMT, FIMT, and prevalence of plaques were lower in patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) ≥ 20 mg/wk, cyclosporine (CsA), or biologics than in patients treated with lower doses of MTX and other disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. No differences in IMT between patients treated with MTX ≥ 20 mg/wk, biologics, or CsA were found. CONCLUSIONS: We found a beneficial effect of MTX ≥ 20 mg/wk, biologics, and CsA on atherosclerosis. We do not confirm a stronger influence of biologics on IMT compared with therapeutic doses of MTX.