ABSTRACT
Many fluids used in industries will possess a uniform velocity acting along with it. Although a few researchers have analyzed the fluid flow along with a constant velocity but such modeling in nanofluids is quite new. The novelty of this work is the numerical evaluation of a nanofluid with a constant velocity through a vertical plate in a porous medium under Dufour as well as Soret impacts coupled with a higher order chemical reaction. A rotating MHD nanofluid is investigated for both heat as well as mass transfer. An incompressible, steady-state fluid is subjected to flow through a semi-infinite plate by taking into account viscous dissipation as well as a magnetic field. Flow equations are typically represented by PDEs that are nonlinear and coupled. The PDEs are changed to ODEs by similarity transformation variables. Runge-Kutta method of [Formula: see text] order accuracy along with shooting technique is employed to solve the converted system of ODEs. [Formula: see text] is used to provide an in-depth analysis of the examined problem. In order to account for practical considerations, the maximum order of the chemical reaction is limited to 3 and a comparative analysis is provided for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] order chemical reactions. For different physical quantities, different numerical values that are obtained using MATLAB are used to analyze various properties regarding the flow. Heat transfer, and mass transfer rates are discussed using graphs and tables. Compared to low order chemical reactions, high order chemical reactions allow higher rates at which the reaction takes place, thus allowing greater rates of heat and mass transfer.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to evaluate and compare pretreatment serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with oral premalignancies and malignancies with that in healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 90 patients of both genders. The subjects were divided into three groups. Group I comprised 30 healthy controls, while group II included 30 patients with potential oral malignancies including leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and oral lichen planus (OLP), and group III included 30 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients confirmed by histopathological examination. All samples were subjected to CRP analysis. Serum CRP levels were quantitatively determined using the automated immunoturbidimetric method. RESULTS: In group I, CRP levels were ranging from 0.1 to 18.3 mg/l with the mean ± standard deviation (SD) CRP level of 3.88±4.50 mg/l. In group II, CRP levels were ranging from 0.8 to 53.9 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 5.59±9.86 mg/l. In group III, CRP levels were ranging from 3.3 to 96 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 31.72±31.01 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, prediagnostic concentrations of CRP are associated with subsequent development of oral cancer and suggest that plasma CRP level is a potential marker of increased risk of cancer.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is one common neurological disorder requiring newer targets and newer drugs for its efficient management. In the recent days brain renin angiotensin system has gained immense importance because of its involvement in seizure regulation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare antiepileptic activity of different doses olmesartan and telmisartan on MES and PTZ induced seizure models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Swiss albino mice weighing around 25-30g of either sex were divided into 6 groups: Control ( Distilled Water- 10ml/kg), Standard - Sodium valproate (40mg/kg), O1 - Olmesartan (2.5mg/kg), O2 - Olmesartan (5mg/kg), T1 - Telmisartan (5mg/kg), T2 - Telmisartan (10mg/kg). After 1hour of administration of control , test and standard drugs (orally), convulsions were induced by administering PTZ (70mg/kg - i.p.) in PTZ model. Seizure latency was the parameter recorded. In MES model, suppression of tonic hind limb extension was taken as measure of efficacy. RESULT: The results were analysed by one-way-ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. In MES test, dose dependently olmesartan and telmisartan significantly reduced the duration of tonic hindlimb extension in comparison to control (p<0.05). T2 - 9 + 0.89secs significantly reduced the tonic hind limb extension compared to other test groups (p<0.05). The percentage inhibition of seizure was T2-44.3%, O2-28.2%, T1-17.5%, O1- 12.3% respectively. In PTZ test, dose dependently olmesartan and telmisartan produced significant increase in seizure latency (p<0.05). T2 - 206.6+9.83secs significantly increased seizure latency compared to other test groups (p<0.05). Percentage protection from seizure is T2-52.6%, O2- 45.13%, T1- 37.5%, O1- 38.4% respectively. CONCLUSION: AT1 receptor antagonist, telmisartan and olmesartan in a dose dependent manner showed increase in antiepileptic activity. Temisartan at higher dose produced significant antiepileptic activity in comparison to olmesartan.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Legionella pneumophila has been increasingly recognized as an emerging pathogen responsible for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide. In India, the actual burden is not known. The present study was thus undertaken to see the presence of Legionella infection in patients with community acquired pneumonia admitted in a tertiary care centre in north India. METHODS: Both children and adults (n=113) with symptoms of pneumonia were included in the study. Clinical samples (blood, urine, nasopharyngeal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, etc.) were collected and subjected to culture and other tests. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done by commercial kits for all the three classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM & IgA). Urinary antigen was also detected using commercial kits. Culture was performed on 51 respiratory tract fluid samples. Serum samples of 44 healthy controls were also screened for the presence of anti-legionella antibodies (IgG, IgM & IgA). RESULTS: Thirty one of the 113 cases (27.43%) were serologically positive. Anti-legionella IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were positive in 7.96, 15.92 and 11.50 per cent patients respectively. In controls, seropositivity was 9.09 (4/44). IgA was positive in 3 and IgM, IgG combined in one. Antigenuria detection by Microwell ELISA kit showed 17.69 per cent positivity. Four antigenuria positive patients were also serologically positive; of these two patients were positive for IgM, hence considered as confirmed cases of Legionella infection. None of the sample was culture positive. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Combination of serology and antigenuria detection may be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of Legionella infection in absence of culture positivity. In order to evaluate the actual burden of Legionella in community acquired pneumonia, further studies with larger samples need to be done.