Analysis and mitigation of PQ disturbances in grid connected system using fuzzy logic based IUPQC.

Renewable energy integration introduces grid instability due to variable and intermittent sources like solar and wind, impacting reliability. This paper provides a thorough discussion of recent advancements and emerging trends in grid-integrated wind energy systems (GIWES) and grid-integrated solar energy systems (GISES). More than 70 research articles have been rigorously assessed and listed the technological and economic challenges. The increase in installations of grid-Integrating systems gives rise to challenges like as grid strain, peak shaving impacts, unpredictability of renewable energy sources (RES), and power quality disturbances. A variety of custom power devices, such as dynamic voltage restorers (DVR), static synchronous compensators (STATCOM), active power filters (APF), and unified power quality conditioners (UPQC), have gained popularity in response to these challenges. Among the various challenges, power quality disturbances, including voltage sag, swell, current and harmonics pose significant issues. To address these disturbances this work present a novel approach utilizing fuzzy logic (FL) to develop multi-feeder interline unified power-quality conditioners (MF-IUPQCs). The MF-IUPQC has three legs and three levels, each of which has four diode-clamped inverters. Switching is carried out through the use of space vector pulse width/duration modulation (SVPWM). Total harmonic distortion (THD) induced by nonlinear loads is reduced by the FLC-based MF-IUPQC, which also improves dynamic performance and offers a smooth DC-link voltage. The proposed control mechanism is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. The fuzzy-based controller is compared to the industry-standard proportional-integral (PI) controller to determine its efficacy. Among them, the MF-IUPQC based on FLC delivers the smoothest voltage profile and the lowest THD.

Respectful Maternity Care Practices During Normal Delivery at the Public Health Facilities in Tamil Nadu, Southern India: A Descriptive Study.

INTRODUCTION: The quality of maternity care in Tamil Nadu has significantly improved in the past few years and various public health initiatives have helped to reduce crucial indicators like Maternal Mortality Ratio and Infant Mortality Rate. The improvement in quality of interface between the mothers and service providers in term of language, behaviour and attitude for ensuring 'Respectful Maternity Care' would support further enhancement of maternal and new born outcomes. Delivery of appropriate and respectful care to each pregnant woman would not only go a long way in reducing mortality and morbidity for the woman and new-born but also help in improved cognitive development of the baby. OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of delivery care practices provided during normal delivery among women accessing public health facilities in Tamil Nadu. METHODS: A descriptive evaluation study was conducted from May to December 2018 in 16 facilities across 14 districts in Tamil Nadu. The health facilities were stratified according to the level of services, Government Medical College hospitals (MC), District headquarter hospitals (DHQ), Sub-district hospitals (SDH), and PHCs, 4 facilities in each category were selected. Data was collected by direct observation using a facility observation check list in an Android-based tablet application. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. RESULTS: A total of 1006 pregnant women out of 2242 women who had normal delivery were assessed and included in the study. More than 50% of deliveries were conducted by nurses and midwives and the perinatal and maternal outcomes were found to be good. The parameters for the respectful maternity care were recorded. Routine care monitoring parameters helped to reduce mortality rate and improved delivery care. CONCLUSION: The state though has achieved substantial success in promoting institutional delivery practices, still needs certain crucial improvements in the quality of respectful maternal care during the delivery.

The overall pooled prevalence of disrespectful maternity care in India was 71.31% (95% CI 39.84­102.78) where every individual study prevalence ranged from 20.9 to 100%. Institutional delivery is 100 percent in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu (NFHS V) and hence it is important to assess the quality of maternity care provided in public healthcare facilities in the state. The improvement in the quality of the interface between the women and service providers in terms of language, behavior, and attitude for ensuring 'Respectful Maternity Care' would thus contribute to positive outcomes for women and their newborns, and also to ensure the cognitive development of children later in life.

An autopsy report with a diagnostic clinical profile on fatal overdose of life-saving iron supplement.

Ferrous sulfate is a commonly prescribed drug for prophylaxis and treatment purposes, particularly in women and adolescent girls. However, its easy availability, potential toxicity at higher doses, and vague clinical presentation make it a drug of concern when evaluating a case of poisoning. We present the case of a 28-year-old female who allegedly consumed 60 ferrous sulfate (60 mg of elemental iron in 200 mg of ferrous sulfate) tablets in a suicidal attempt. She presented with gastrointestinal disturbances on the same day to a tertiary care health facility. Investigations revealed deranged liver function tests, serum iron levels ten times the normal range, and high levels of saturated transferrin. Despite treatment, she succumbed to the poisoning 4 days after the incident. Autopsy showed features of liver failure, which was confirmed by histopathology. Chemical examination detected free ferrous and chloride ions. This fatal case of adult iron toxicity highlights the different causes of death in various stages of iron toxicity, providing a wider perspective on clinical management and aiding in the determination of the cause of death during an autopsy. This article adds a rare fatal iron poisoning case in adults to the literature, emphasizing the necessity for regulating iron tablet supplementation and raising public awareness of the toxicity of iron, which could save millions of lives.

Adolescent and young adult cancers in India-Findings from the National Cancer Registry Programme.

BACKGROUND: The adolescent and young adult (AYA) age group is a bridge between pediatric and adult age groups. The present study describes the epidemiology of cancers in the AYA age group in India. METHODS: The data of primary site cancers in the age group of 15-39 years from the 28 Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs') and 58 Hospital Based Cancer Registries under the National Cancer Registry Programme for the reporting year 2012-2016 was analysed. RESULTS: The median age adjusted incidence rate (AAR) was 22.2 per 100,000 among males and 29.2 per 100,000 among females. The age-specific incidence rate increased with increasing age in both genders with the highest recorded numbers in the 35-39 age group. The proportion of myeloid leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was highest in the 15-24 age group. Cancers of the breast, thyroid, mouth and tongue constituted the leading sites between 30 and 39 years. There was a significant increase in the incidence among AYA males (APC=0.9) between 1985 and 2015, while a decline in incidence was observed for females, which was not significant (APC=-0.2). The majority of patients had locoregional spread of cancer at the time of diagnosis. The projected number of cancer cases in both genders are expected to increase to 178,617 in 2025. CONCLUSION: Cancers in the AYA population are a concern in India. Since AYA oncology appears to be evolving in India, a robust health care system and suitable AYA cancer care policies and programmes are strongly needed to improve disease outcomes and survival.

Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Higher Secondary School Students of Imphal, Manipur.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a stressful period due to physical, psychological, sexual changes, and the presence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress at this stage of life is a matter of concern. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalences of depression, anxiety, and stress among higher secondary school students of Imphal and to determine the association between depression, anxiety, and stress and selected variables such as gender, standard, and religion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2014 to October 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among higher secondary school students of Imphal. The sample size was calculated to be 750. Seven schools were randomly selected, and all the students in that school were enrolled in the study. The study tool used was a questionnaire containing DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalences of depression, anxiety, and stress among 830 valid respondents were 19.5%, 24.4%, and 21.1%, respectively. In total, 81.6% of the respondents had at least one of the studied disorders and 34.7% of the respondents had all the three negative states. The prevalences of depression, anxiety, and stress were high among females and were significant for anxiety (P = 0.00) and stress (P = 0.04). The prevalences of depression and stress were significantly higher among 12th standard students with P-values of 0.00 and 0.02. CONCLUSION: The prevalences of depression, anxiety, and stress were high with anxiety and stress significantly higher among females, whereas prevalences of depression and stress were significantly higher among 12th standard students. More studies are recommended to determine the factors leading to these mental disorders.

An insight study on HPTLC fingerprinting of Mukia maderaspatna: Mechanism of bioactive constituents in metal nanoparticle synthesis and its activity against human pathogens.

The present work reports the development of a Simple, rapid and eco-friendly route for the biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens in the wound infected area. The synthesis was done using Mukia maderasapatna plant extract as a reducing agent. FT-IR analysis reported that the methanol extract was found to contain maximum number of functional groups which is responsible for the reduction of metal ions to metal nanoparticles. Further, the presence of bioactive molecules present in the methanol extract was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. The major phytochemical constituents observed in this Mukia maderaspatna leaf extract were n-hexadecanoic acid (15.51%), Octadecanoic acid (11.92%), stigmasterol (9.12%), Octadecanoic acid, 2, 3 hydroxypropyl ester (8.7%), Bicycloheptane, 2,6,6- trimethyl (5.57%) and stearic acid (4.23%). Initially, the formation of gold and silver nanoparticles was confirmed from their absorption spectra at 535 nm and 434 nm using UV- visible spectroscopy. The crystalline nature of the obtained gold and silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The average size of the gold and silver nanoparticles found around 50 nm and 20 nm respectively was confirmed by TEM analysis. The antimicrobial activities of silver and gold nanoparticles were checked against bacterial strains and the fungal strains. The formation of inhibition zones concluded that both the nanoparticles showed efficient antimicrobial activity against both the pathogens. Further, different concentrations of gold and silver nanoparticles, the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol as the positive control were carried out. The results concluded that the silver nanoparticles showed efficient activity against bacterial pathogens and fungal pathogens with the lowest concentration of 0.35 µg/ml and 0.45 µg/ml respectively.

Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Activity of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Ni(II) with 1,10-Phenanthroline and Heterocyclic Schiff Bases.

Mixed ligand complexes of Ni(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-Phen) and Schiff bases L(1)(MIIMP); L(2)(CMIIMP); L(3)(EMIIMP); L(4)(MIIMNP); L(5)(MEMIIMP); L(6)(BMIIMP); L(7)(MMIIMP); L(8)(MIIBD) have been synthesized. These metal chelates have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, Mass, UV-Vis, magnetic moments, and thermogravimetric (TG&DTA) analysis. Spectral data showed that the 1,10-phenanthroline act as neutral bidentate ligand coordinating to the metal ion through two nitrogen donor atoms and Schiff bases acts as monobasic bidentate coordinating through NO donor atoms. All Ni(II) complexes appear to have an octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes has been studied by screening against various microorganisms, it is observed that the activity enhances upon coordination. The DNA binding studies have been investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the experimental results indicate that these complexes bind to CT DNA with the intrinsic binding constant K(b) = 2.5 ± 0.2 × 10(5) M(-1). MTT is used to test the anticancer effect of the complexes with HL60 tumor cell. The inhibition ratio was accelerated by increasing the dosage, and it had significant positive correlation with the medication dosage.

Anticancer studies of drug encapsulated polyethylene terephthalate-Co-polylactic acid nanocapsules.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil and 6-thioguanine) in polymeric nanocapsules in the presence and in the absence of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles toward Hep2 cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used for quantitative measurements for the anticancer cell activity. Encapsulated drug in polyethylene terephthalate-polylactic acid copolymer (PET-co-PLA) nanocapsules in the presence and absence of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared via the W/O/W emulsification solvent-evaporation method. Morphology of the nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: The average size of the polymeric nanocapsules, gold nanoparticles, and iron oxide nanoparticles were found to be in range of 230-260, 18 -20 nm, 5-10 nm, respectively. The findings in this study inferred that incorporated drug in polymeric nanocapsules with gold nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles show better anticancer activity when compared with encapsulated drug in polymeric nanocapsules.

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles: an ecofriendly approach using Hansenula anomala.

This work describes a bioassisted approach for the preparation of metal nanoparticles using yeast species Hansenula anomala. Gold nanoparticles were prepared using gold salt as the precursor, amine-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer as the stabilizer, and the extracellular material from H. anomala as the bioreductant. It could also be demonstrated that, using our approach, small molecules such as cysteine can act as stabilizers as well. This synthetic approach offers a greener alternative route to the preparation of gold sols that are devoid of cellular and toxic chemical components. The ability of as-synthesized gold sol to function as biological ink for producing patterns for the analysis of fingerprints and to act as an antimicrobial reagent is evaluated. The generality of this toxin-free synthetic approach to other metals was assessed using palladium and silver.

Synergistic effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin encapsulated soluble ferrocene and the gold nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for the estimation of NO in biological systems.

An electrochemical assay for sensing NO in biological systems is described in this paper. The ferrocene mediated reduction of NO, facilitated by the gold nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode is followed by an amperometric procedure. The analytical protocol involves the modification of a glassy carbon electrode by an overlayer of Au nanocomposites prepared through galvanic reduction. Additional overlayers can be built on the surface by repetition of the procedure. The modification leads to the decrease of the over-potential required for the analysis and results in a non-biofouling surface. Since the procedure is based on the electrochemical reduction of NO, the potential interferences from species like dopamine, ascorbic acid, etc., are overcome. The sensitivity, detection limit and response time achieved through this protocol for the modified electrode containing three Au overlayers are 0.03 nA/nM, 25.75 nM and <5 s. Analysis of NO has been carried out in real samples like liver extract, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and miconazole nitrate ointment and the values obtained are comparable with that obtained by Griess analysis.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation by basidiomycetes fungi, Pseudomonas isolate, and their cocultures: comparative in vivo and in silico approach.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation potential of the five basidiomycetes' fungal monocultures and their cocultures was compared with that of a Pseudomonas isolate recovered from oil-spilled soil. As utilization of hydrocarbons by the microorganisms is associated with biosurfactant production, the level of biosurfactant production and its composition by the selected microorganisms was also investigated. The Pseudomonas isolate showed higher ability to degrade three of the five PAHs but the isolate did not produce biosurfactant higher than C. versicolor and P. ostreatus. Among the PAHs, the most effective biodegradation of PAH--pyrene (42%)--was obtained with the fungus C. versicolor. Cocultures involving the fungi and Pseudomonas could not significantly degrade the selected PAHs compounds above that degraded by the most efficient monoculture. A slight increase in pyrene degradation was observed in cocultures of C. versicolor and F. palustris (93.7% pyrene). The crude biosurfactant was biochemically characterized as a multicomponent surfactant consisting of protein and polysaccharides. The PAH biodegradation potential of the basidiomycetes fungi positively correlated with their potential to express ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (Lip), manganese peroxidase (Mnp), and laccase. The present study utilized in silico method such as protein-ligand docking using the FRED in Open Eye software as a tool to assess the level of ligninolytic enzymes and PAHs interactions. The in silico analysis using FRED revealed that of the five PAHs, maximum interaction occurred between pyrene and all the three ligninolytic enzymes. The results of the in silico analysis corroborated with our experimental results showing that pyrene was degraded to the maximum extent by species such as C. versicolor and P. ostreatus.

Persistent impaired glucose tolerance has similar rate of risk factors as for diabetes--results of Indian diabetes prevention programme (IDPP).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of persistent impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (two times OGTT positive) and to compare the physical and clinical characteristics with subjects having transient IGT or diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Nondiabetic subjects aged 35-55 years were screened (n=10,839, M:W 8667:2172) using 2h capillary blood glucose. IGT was diagnosed in 1332 (12.3%). Among them, 1025 (77%) responded for a second OGTT and 531 subjects (51.8%) had persistent IGT. Biochemical, demographic and anthropometric characteristics were compared among the normal (NGT, 30.1%), IGT and diabetic subjects (DM, 18%) at second GTT. RESULTS: All had similar age. BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage were lower in NGT than in IGT and diabetes. IGT and diabetes had similar characteristics. Family history of diabetes was the highest in persistent IGT. CONCLUSION: Among the screened subjects, 1 in 20 had persistent IGT. Subject with persistent IGT had higher rates of risk factors for diabetes, such as high BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage.

Temporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The rural Indian population is undergoing lifestyle transition due to socio-economic growth. This study was done to determine the temporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and IGT that could have occurred in a rural population in India as a result of the lifestyle transition. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1213 Asian-Indian subjects aged 20 years or over was done to look for the prevalence of diabetes and IGT using the 1999 WHO criteria. The temporal changes were assessed in comparison with a similar study conducted 14 years previously. The factors associated with the temporal changes were also analysed. RESULTS: Nearly a three-fold increase in age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of diabetes (from 2.20% to 6.36%) was seen in 2003 when compared with a similar study done 14 years before. Prevalence of IGT did not change significantly (7.44% in 1989 vs 7.18% in 2003). Improvement in living conditions had occurred during the period, occupational changes were seen, the number of manual labourers had decreased and economic conditions had improved. BMI and waist circumference had increased. After correcting for age, sex and differences in time periods, waist circumference and physical inactivity showed significant associations with the increased prevalence of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Demographic transition due to improved living conditions in rural India was associated with a three-fold increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Increased upper body adiposity and physical inactivity showed significant association with this phenomenon.

Prevalence of overweight in urban Indian adolescent school children.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing in urban India. Overweight in adolescence is a marker of overweight in adult age, and it shows an association with the above diseases. There have been meagre data from India on the prevalence of childhood obesity. The objective of the study was to quantify the prevalence of overweight and its risk factors in adolescent children in urban India. School students in the age group of 13-18 years (n = 4700, M:F 2382:2318) were studied. Body mass index (BMI) was measured. Data on physical activity, food habits, occupation of parents and their economic status, birth weight of the children and age at menarche in girls were obtained by questionnaire. Age-adjusted prevalence of overweight was 17.8% for boys and 15.8% for girls. It increased with age and was higher in lower tertiles of physical activity and in higher socio-economic group. Birth weight and current BMI were positively associated. The study highlighted the high prevalence of overweight in adolescent children in urban India. Life style factors influenced BMI in adolescent age.