Health insurance and retirement behavior: evidence from the health and retirement survey.

This paper studies the role of health insurance in the retirement decisions of older workers. As policymakers consider mechanisms for how to increase access to affordable health insurance for the near elderly, considerations of the potential labor force implications of such policies will be important to consider--potentially inducing retirements just at a time when the labor force is shrinking. Using data from the 1992 and 1996 waves of the Health and Retirement Survey, this study demonstrates that access to post-retirement health insurance has a large effect on retirement. Among older male workers, those with retiree health benefit offers are 68% more likely to retire (and those with non-employment based insurance are 44% more likely to retire) than their counterparts who would lose employment-based health insurance upon retirement. In addition, the study demonstrated that in retirement models, when retiree health benefits are controlled for, the effects of pension coverage are reduced, suggesting that these effects may have been overestimated in the prior literature.

[Public health of county Tolna in the 18th century]. / Tolna megye egészségügye A 18. században.

The history of the plague in the 18th century Hungary had two main periods: for the first the defense, while for the second the prophylaxy was the characteristic. During the epidemics of the years 1708-1715 the losses caused by the illness were five times bigger, than those caused by the war of independence (1703-1711). When the Serbs, fighting on the side of the Hapsburgs, had overcome Hungarian troops, created a cordon militaire along the Danube on the borders of county Tolna, which proved to be so efficient, that plague could cross the river only as late as in 1709. At the time of the epidemics of the years 1739-1740 the cordon solitaire was already less effective, since people forced by hunger and fear crossed it several times, even by the help of the personnel responsible for it. The plague broke out in 1739 in the village Kajdács. The village however was so isolated, that the county got the first informations only one month later. The plague was spreading rapidly in the triangle made by rivers Sárviz and Kapos, inhabited mostly by German colonists. The surgeon-in-chief sent by the authorities to the place refused to do his duty. The majority of victims died in the bigger market towns: in Földvár 366, while in Paks 845 dead were registered. The county employed a plague-surgeon from Pest only when the plague had been already over. The county suffered severe losses: 3397 people-ca. 6.1 percent of its population has been lost. In the following period several county-physicians were employed and charged with special tasks. From 1734 county Fejér or Baranya and Tolna employed a common physician. The first physician in the county was called Queisar-he lived in Pécs. The county could employ a physician on its own, a certain Jakob Keller, only from 1769. Keller organized the work of surgeons and midwives according to the regulation of he Generale Normativum Sanitatis issued by the royal court. After grounding of the medical faculty in Buda and later in Pest (1769) surgeons had been thoroughly examined before they were allowed to be employed by a county. The first physicians merely living from their praxis, appeared in the county only in the 90th years of the century, exclusively at noblemen's courts.

[Successful surgical management of cardiovascular thrombosis and aortic coarctation, caused by protein C deficiency, in a newborn infant]. / Protein C-hiányban kialakult cardiovascularis thrombotisatio és coarctatio aortae sikeres mütéti megoldása újszülöttkorban.

10 days old newborn with coarctation of aortae had multiple thrombus formation in the left atria and aortic arch. At first step aortic isthmus reconstruction and thrombectomy was performed, which were followed by the multiple thrombectomy from mitral valve and aortic arch by extracorporeal circulation. Laboratory findings showed protein C deficiency. This is the first reported case with multiple thrombotic formation caused by protein C deficiency and aortic isthmus stenosis successfully operated on.

Demographic change, rising earnings inequality, and the distribution of personal well-being, 1959-1989.

This paper uses new methods to determine the sources of the sharp fall and then the steep rise in personal income inequality between 1959 and 1989. The increase in the proportion of single-head families tended to boost inequality over the entire period. Forty percent of the reduction in income inequality in the 1960s occurred because of the decline in earnings inequality among male heads of families; more than one-third of the increase in inequality after 1969 occurred because inequality in male earnings soared. Since 1979 females' gains in earnings have increased inequality because these gains have been concentrated increasingly in families with high incomes.

[Chromatin staining with thallium in NK/Ly ascites tumors of various ages]. / A kromatin festódése talliummal különbözó korú NK/Ly ascites tumorban.

Staining of the chromatin in the NK/Ly ascitic tumour was studied by electron microscopy using Mentré's thallium method. Investigations were carried out on the 2., 7., 9., and 14th days after the transplantation of the tumour. It was established, that the chromatin of the nuclei of the proliferating--2 days old--tumour cells occurs in dispers form. Later the temp of the growth decreases and as the consequence of the aggregation of the chromatin electrodense areas are formed. Authors assume, that on the base of the morphological alterations transformation of diffuse chromatin into aggregated one depression of the gene-substance might lie.

[Morphology and incidence of membranous structures related to endoplasmic reticulum]. / Endoplasmás reticulummal összefüggö membranosus struktúrák morphológiája és elöfordulása

Morphology and occurrence of so called tubuloreticular (TRS) and undulating membraneous structures (UMS) connected with the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum are described in physiological and pathological conditions. It is established that TRS and UMS represent a cytoplasmatic inclusion of similar type, although of different structures. Occurrence of UMS in human lung-tissue culture, and in transplantable chicken hepatoma induced in a hepatic tumour by MC-29 virus was observed.