ABSTRACT
We performed hysterosalpingography (HSG) and transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) in 124 Ivorian women as part of an infertility evaluation. The aim was to investigate the causes of infertility and show the advantages of combining HSG and TVU as part of a comprehensive evaluation of infertility in African woman. TVU and HSG were normal in 35.5% of cases, while in 64.5% of cases, at least one disease was demonstrated. This included uterine pathology in 50.3%, tubal disease in 25.2%, ovarian pathology in 7.5% and peritoneal pathology in 7% of cases. Of all the diseases identified by the association HSG and TVU, 71.3% were found by TVU, while 61.5% were confirmed by HSG. TVU was more efficient in identifying uterine and ovarian pathologies while HSG excelled in tubal pathology. HSG and TUV had identical performances on the peritoneal pathology. The association HSG-ETV should be systematic in the full assessment of female infertility in sub-Saharan Africa.
Subject(s)
Genitalia, Female/pathology , Hysterosalpingography , Infertility, Female , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Adult , Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Hysterosalpingography/methods , Hysterosalpingography/statistics & numerical data , Infertility, Female/diagnosis , Infertility, Female/epidemiology , Infertility, Female/etiology , Reproducibility of Results , Reproductive Health , Reproductive Health Services , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Ultrasonography, Interventional/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine whether HIV infection affects either the echographic or laboratory profiles of renal insufficiency. This prospective study compared both echographic (kidney size, Hricak's cortical echogenicity grades) and laboratory (blood urea and creatine) profiles in two groups of patients with renal insufficiency: one group HIV-positive (25 cases) and the other HIV-negative (86 patients). Kidney size was generally normal in the HIV-negative group. In the HIV-positive group, it was either normal or enlarged, especially in thickness, with a spherical appearance. Echogenicity grades were high in both groups, and no HIV-positive patients were at grade I; 25.6% of the seronegative patients and 20% of seropositive patients were at grade II, and 57% and 68%, respectively, were at grade III. The correlation between ultrasound grades and laboratory results did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.0669 for creatinemia and p = 0.0560 for uremia), although the rates tended to increase with echogenicity grade and were slightly lower in the HIV-positive group. The authors conclude that HIV infection does not seem to affect the ultrasound or laboratory profiles of renal insufficiency. Thickening of the kidney and any spherical aspect should however suggest to the practitioner that the renal insufficiency may be related to HIV.
