Antiprotozoal Pt(II) Complexes as Luminophores Bearing Monodentate P/As/Sb-Based Donors: An X-ray Diffractometric, Photoluminescence, and 121Sb-Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study with TD-DFT-Guided Interpretation and Predictive Extrapolation toward Bi.

In this study, it is demonstrated that the radiative rate constant of phosphorescent metal complexes can be substantially enhanced using monodentate ancillary ligands containing heavy donor atoms. Thus, the chlorido coligand from a Pt(II) complex bearing a monoanionic tridentate C^N*N luminophore ([PtLCl]) was replaced by triphenylphosphane (PPh3) and its heavier pnictogen congeners (i.e., PnPh3 to yield [PtL(PnPh3)]). Due to the high tridentate-ligand-centered character of the excited states, the P-related radiative rate is rather low while showing a significant boost upon replacement of the P donor by heavier As- and Sb-based units. The syntheses of the three complexes containing PPh3, AsPh3, and SbPh3 were completed by unambiguous characterization of the clean products using exact mass spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, bidimensional NMR, and 121Sb-Mössbauer spectroscopy (for [PtL(SbPh3)]) as well as steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies. Hence, it was shown that the hybridization defects of the Vth main-group atoms can be overcome by complexation with the Pt center. Notably, the enhancement of the radiative rate constants mediated by heavier coligands was achieved without significantly influencing the character of the excited states. A rationalization of the results was achieved by TD-DFT. Even though the Bi-based homologue was not accessible due to phenylation side reactions, the experimental data allowed a reasonable extrapolation of the structural features whereas the hybridization defects and the excited state properties related to the Bi-species and its phosphorescence rate can be predicted by theory. The three complexes showed an interesting antiprotozoal activity, which was unexpectedly notorious for the P-containing complex. This work could pave the road toward new efficient materials for optoelectronics and novel antiparasitic drugs.

Searching for Laves Phase Superstructures: Structural and 27Al NMR Spectroscopic Investigations in the Hf-V-Al System.

Laves phases exhibit a plethora of different structures and a multitude of physical properties. Investigations in the ternary system Hf-V-Al led to the discovery of numerous members of the solid solution Hf(V1-xAlx)2, which adopt the hexagonal MgZn2 type (C14) for medium to high amounts of Al (x = 0.2-1) and the cubic MgCu2 type (C15) for small Al amounts (x = 0.05-0.1). While all members exhibit Pauli-paramagnetic behavior due to the absence of localized magnetic moments, the V-rich cubic member Hf(V0.95Al0.05)2 additionally exhibits a superconducting state below TC = 7.6(1) K. All synthesized compounds were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, and selected samples were furthermore investigated by 27Al solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. HfAl2 exhibits two Al resonances, one rather sharp and one significantly broadened signal, in line with the crystal structure and respective coordination environments. The members of the solid solution exhibit extremely broadened resonances due to the mixing of V and Al on the same crystallographic sites. For nominal Hf(V0.125Al0.875)2, however, two distinct sharp NMR signals were observed. This contrasts with the description of a solid solution. Therefore, single-crystal X-ray studies were conducted, showing that Hf(V0.125Al0.875)2 really is an ordered compound with the sum formula Hf4VAl7 (P3̅m1), which exhibits an, thus far, unknown superstructure of MgZn2.

Triclinic La7Zn2P11 with P3-, P24-, and P35- units: a combined study by 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction.

The ternary polyphosphide La7Zn2P11 was synthesized from the elements by using a salt flux or via a ceramic method in sealed quartz ampoules. The obtained samples were investigated by X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction: own type, P1̄, a = 775.33(13), b = 827.45(13), c = 1502.8(3) pm, α = 82.111(3), ß = 77.034(3), γ = 89.996(3)°, wR2 = 0.1553, 5852 F2 values and 183 variables. This peculiar structure is characterized by the simultaneous presence of three distinct anionic phosphide species, namely P3-, P24-, and P35- units. La7Zn2P11 is an electron precise Zintl phase: (7La3+)21+(2Zn2+)4+(4P3-)12-(2P24-)8-(P35-). The P-P single bond distances range from 219.2 to 223.0 pm. The zinc sites show tetrahedral phosphorus coordination by three P3- and one P24- species. The tetrahedra are condensed to chains via common corners. The P35- units with P-P-P angles of 113.7° have exclusively lanthanum coordination. 31P solid-state NMR was used to probe the phosphorus local environments, connectivities and spatial proximities. The eleven crystallographically distinct phosphorus atoms were assigned with the help of two-dimensional homonuclear dipolar correlation experiments. Even though the application of 2D measurements on such phosphorus-based polyanionic compounds is exceedingly challenging because of the wide dispersion of chemical shifts, the fast irreversible decay of the transverse magnetization, and slow spin-lattice relaxation, a complete assignment is possible using radiofrequency-driven dipolar recoupling (RFDR), J-RESOLVED and total-through-bond correlation with R-sequence (R-TOBSY) techniques.

Neutral and Cationic Re(I) Complexes with Pnictogen-Based Coligands and Tunable Functionality: From Phosphorescence to Photoinduced CO Release.

In this work, we have explored Re(I) complexes featuring triphenylpnictogen (PnPh3, Pn = P, As, or Sb)-based coligands and bidentate (neutral or monoanionic) luminophores derived from 1,10-phenantroline (phen), as well as from 2-(3-(tert-butyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)pyridine (H(N-tBu)). The effect of the increasingly heavy elements on the structural parameters, photoexcited-state properties, and electrochemical behavior as well as the hybridization defects and polarization of the Pn atoms was related to the charges of the main luminophores (i.e., phen vs N-tBu) and explored in terms of photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and quantum-chemical methods. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the bonding, crystal packing, excited-state energies, and lifetimes was assessed in liquid solutions, frozen glassy matrices, and crystalline phases along with a semiquantitative photoactivation study. Notably, by changing the main ligand from phen to N-tBu, an increase in radiative and radiationless deactivation rates (kr and knr, respectively) at 77 K together with a faster photoinduced CO release and fragmentation at room temperature was detected. In addition, a progressively red-shifted phosphorescence was observed with the growing atomic number of the pnictogen atom, along with a boost in kr and knr at 77 K. Down the Vth main group and upon coordination of the Pn atom to the Re(I) center, an increasingly prominent jump of s-orbital participation on the binding sxp3.00-orbitals of the Pn atoms is evidenced. Based on these findings, the ability of these complexes to act as tunable photoluminescent labels able to perform as light-driven CO-releasing molecules is envisioned.

One Dianionic Luminophore with Three Coordination Modes Binding Four Different Metals: Toward Unexpectedly Phosphorescent Transition Metal Complexes.

This work reports on a battery of coordination compounds featuring a versatile dianionic luminophore adopting three different coordination modes (mono, bi, and tridentate) while chelating Pd(II), Pt(II), Au(III), and Hg(II) centers. An in-depth structural characterization of the ligand precursor (H2 L) and six transition metal complexes ([HLPdCNtBu], [LPtCl], [LPtCNtBu], [LPtCNPhen], [HLHgCl], and [LAuCl]) is presented. The influence of the cations and coordination modes of the luminophore and co-ligands on the photophysical properties (including photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦL ), excited state lifetimes (τ), and average (non-)radiative rate constants) are evaluated at various temperatures in different phases. Five complexes show interesting photophysical properties at room temperature (RT) in solution. Embedment in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K significantly boosts their luminescence by suppressing radiationless deactivation paths. Thus, the Pt(II)-based compounds provide the highest efficiencies, with slight variations upon exchange of the ancillary ligand. In the case of [HLPdCNtBu], both ΦL and τ increase over 30-fold as compared to RT. Furthermore, the Hg(II) complex achieves, for the first time in its class, a ΦL exceeding 60% and millisecond-range lifetimes. This demonstrates that a judicious ligand design can pave the way toward versatile coordination compounds with tunable excited state properties.

The Effect of Monodentate Co-Ligands on the Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Bearing a Tridentate C

In this study, the insertion of different monodentate co-ligands on Pt(II) complexes bearing a monoanionic C^N*N luminophore as a tridentate chelator was achieved beyond the previously reported chlorido- ([PtCl(L)]) and cyanido-decorated ([PtCN(L)]) analogues. To investigate the impact of the auxiliary ligand on the photophysical properties, we introduced a neutral carbonyl-ligand and observed a lower photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦL) than with a cyanido moiety. However, the direct substitution of the chlorido co-ligand by a NO-related derivative was not successful. Interestingly, the attempted reduction of the successfully inserted nitrito-N-ligand in [PtNO2(L)] resulted in the oxidation of the Pt(II)-center to Pt(IV), as demonstrated by X-ray diffractometry. For comparison, the trifluoroacetato Pt(II) and chlorido Pt(IV) complexes ([PtTFA(L)] and [PtCl3(L)], respectively) were also synthesized. The photophysical characterization revealed similar photoluminescence profiles for all complexes, indicating a weak effect of the co-ligand on the excited state; in fact, all complexes display emission from metal-perturbed ligand-centered states (even the Pt(IV) species). Nonetheless, longer excited state lifetimes (τav) suggest a reduced thermally-activated radiationless deactivation via metal-centered states upon exchange of the chlorido units for other monodentate entities, yet without significantly improving the overall ΦL at room temperature. The irreversible oxidation waves (measured via cyclic voltammetry) mostly stem from the Pt(II)-center; the co-ligand-related drop of these potentials correlates with the increasing σ-donating capacities of the ancillary ligand. In summary, an enhanced π-acceptor capacity does not necessarily improve the ΦL and can even impair radiative rates by compromising the perturbative participation of the metal center on the emissive triplet state; in addition, strong σ-donor abilities improve the phosphorescence efficiencies by hampering the thermal population of dissociative electronic configurations related to the participation of antibonding d*-orbitals at the metal center.

Salt-flux growth of HoCuMg4 single crystals.

Polycrystalline samples of the magnesium-rich intermetallic compounds RECuMg4 (RE = Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) were synthesized by reaction of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules heated in a high-frequency induction furnace. Phase purity of the RECuMg4 phases was ascertained by powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Well-shaped single crystals of HoCuMg4 could be grown in a NaCl/KCl salt flux and the crystal structure was refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data: TbCuMg4 structure-type, space group Cmmm, a = 1361.4(2), b = 2039.3(4), c = 384.62(6) pm. The crystal structure of the RECuMg4 phases can be understood as a complex intergrowth variant of CsCl and AlB2 related slabs. The remarkable crystal chemical motif concerns the orthorhombically distorted bcc-like magnesium cubes with Mg-Mg distances ranging from 306 to 334 pm. At high temperatures DyCuMg4 and ErCuMg4 are Curie-Weiss paramagnets with paramagnetic Curie-Weiss temperatures of -15 K and -2 K for RE = Dy and Er, respectively. The effective magnetic moments, 10.66µB for RE = Dy and 9.65µB for RE = Er prove stable trivalent ground states for the rare earth cations. Magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity measurements reveal long-range antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures (<21 K). Whereas DyCuMg4 exhibits two subsequent antiferromagnetic transitions at TN = 21 and 7.9 K which successively remove half of the entropy of a doublet crystal field ground state of Dy, ErCuMg4 shows a single, possibly broadened, antiferromagnetic transition at 8.6 K. The successive antiferromagnetic transitions are discussed with respect to magnetic frustration in the tetrameric units present in the crystal structure.

Room-Temperature Phosphorescence from Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes as Supramolecular Luminophores: The Role of Self-Assembly, Metal-Metal Interactions, Spin-Orbit Coupling, and Ligand-Field Splitting.

The synthesis as well as the structural and photophysical characterization of two isoleptic bis-cyclometalated Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes, namely [PtL] and [PdL], bearing a tailored dianionic tetradentate ligand (L2-) are reported. The isostructural character and intermolecular interactions of [PtL] and [PdL] were assessed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Both complexes show fully ligand-controlled aggregation, demonstrating that a judicious molecular design can tune the photophysical properties. In fact, by introduction of fluorine atoms on defined positions and methoxy groups on complementary sites, metal-metal interactions can be forced by a head-to-tail stacking. Hence, [PtL] shows luminescence from metal-perturbed ligand-centered or from metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer triplet states in diluted solutions, in frozen glasses and in crystals, with high photoluminescence quantum yields and long lifetimes in the microsecond range. At room temperature (RT) in concentrated fluid solutions, the palladium analogue [PdL] surprisingly emits luminescence from aggregated species involving supramolecular interactions. Time-resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopies demonstrated that ultrafast intersystem crossing occurs for both metals, which outruns any competitive relaxation pathway from the photoexcited singlet state. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the radiationless deactivation can be suppressed in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K and by intermolecular interactions in fluid solutions at RT. In both cases and as indicated by density functional theory calculations, the lowest emissive state acts as an energy trap from which the thermal population of dissociative states with formal occupation of an antibonding Pd-centered 4dx2-y2 orbital is suppressed. This occurs as the energy gap between the emissive and the dark states surpasses kT.

Room-temperature luminescence from Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes: from mechanochromic crystals to flexible polymer matrices.

A series of Pd(II) (PdLOMe, PdLOHex) and Pt(II) (PtLOMe, PtLOHex) complexes bearing tetradentate ligands as dianionic luminophores were synthesized. Hence, the cyclometallating chelators were alternatively decorated with two n-hexyloxy (LOHex) or two methoxy (LOMe) moieties to promote crystallization and processability. The new compounds were unambiguously characterized by means of multiple NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry as well as by single crystal X-ray diffractometric analysis (PtLOMe and PdLOMe). Steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopic studies were carried out in crystalline phases, in fluid solutions at room temperature, in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K and in a flexible polymeric matrix (PMMA). PtLOMe presents an intriguing mechanochromism resulting from the responsive metal-metal interactions involving adjacent monomeric units. Incorporation of the Pd(II) complexes into the polymeric matrix boosts their photophysical properties by stiffening of the coordination environment while reducing non-radiative deactivation pathways mediated by dissociative metal-centred states, which also become thermally inaccessible at 77 K.

Rhenium(I) Complexes with Neutral Monodentate Coligands and Monoanionic 2-(1,2,4-Triazol-5-yl)pyridine-Based Chelators as Bidentate Luminophores with Tunable Color and Photosensitized Generation of 1O2: An Integrated Case Study Involving Photophysics and Theory.

In this work, we describe the synthesis as well as structural, photophysical, and theoretical investigation of a new coordination chemical concept involving rhenium(I) complexes bearing monoanionic 1,2,4-triazolylpyridine-based bidentate chromophores. The X-ray diffractometric analysis of single crystals revealed particular packing features: the trifluoromethylated exemplar displayed two kinds of arrangements of the coordination centers, where the bidentate ligands at the edges of the unit cell are staggered parallel to each other, whereas those inside show antiparallel stacking with respect to the external ligands. On the other hand, the complexes bearing an adamantyl substituent yield a linear arrangement, where the bulky moiety of one luminophore points to the pyridine center of the adjacent ligand of the neighboring complex while including methanol molecules hydrogen-bonded to the triazolato unit. We observed that the photophysical properties of the complexes (photoexcited-state lifetimes, photoluminescence maxima and quantum yields) can be adjusted by tuning of the substitution pattern at the bidentate luminophore as well as by variation of the monodentate coligand. The photoluminescence spectra and photoexcited-state lifetimes of the crystalline phases were measured by phosphorescence lifetime micro(spectro)scopy. Interestingly, the vibrationally resolved emission spectra of the crystals closely resemble those of diluted frozen glassy matrixes at 77 K, in contrast with the broad bands observed in amorphous solids and in fluid solutions, where the charge-transfer character is enhanced. While the photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦL) reach up to 15%, the complexes are able to attain up to 55% efficiency regarding the photosensitization of 1O2 (ΦΔ), depending on the combination of luminophore and coligand. Theoretical calculations showed that the photoexcited triplet (T1) state has a metal-ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer character, where promotion to the excited electronic configuration shortens the Re(I)-N bond involving the bidentate triazolylpyridine while stretching the three fac-CO-Re(I) bonds as well as the linkage to the axial monodentate coligand. The calculated vertical (Evl) and 0-0 (E(0-0)) radiative transition energies are in very good agreement with the experimental values (Eexplum).

Ligand-controlled and nanoconfinement-boosted luminescence employing Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) complexes: from color-tunable aggregation-enhanced dual emitters towards self-referenced oxygen reporters.

In this work, we describe the synthesis, structural and photophysical characterization of four novel Pd(ii) and Pt(ii) complexes bearing tetradentate luminophoric ligands with high photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ L) and long excited state lifetimes (τ) at room temperature, where the results were interpreted by means of DFT calculations. Incorporation of fluorine atoms into the tetradentate ligand favors aggregation and thereby, a shortened average distance between the metal centers, which provides accessibility to metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MMLCT) excimers acting as red-shifted energy traps if compared with the monomeric entities. This supramolecular approach provides an elegant way to enable room-temperature phosphorescence from Pd(ii) complexes, which are otherwise quenched by a thermal population of dissociative states due to a lower ligand field splitting. Encapsulation of these complexes in 100 nm-sized aminated polystyrene nanoparticles enables concentration-controlled aggregation-enhanced dual emission. This phenomenon facilitates the tunability of the absorption and emission colors while providing a rigidified environment supporting an enhanced Φ L up to about 80% and extended τ exceeding 100 µs. Additionally, these nanoarrays constitute rare examples for self-referenced oxygen reporters, since the phosphorescence of the aggregates is insensitive to external influences, whereas the monomeric species drop in luminescence lifetime and intensity with increasing triplet molecular dioxygen concentrations (diffusion-controlled quenching).

Naphthalonitriles featuring efficient emission in solution and in the solid state.

In this work, a series of γ-substituted diphenylnaphthalonitriles were synthesized and characterized. They show efficient emission in solution and in the aggregated state and their environment responsiveness is based on having variable substituents at the para-position of the two phenyl moieties. The excited state properties were fully investigated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions and in THF/H2O mixtures. The size of the aggregates in aqueous media were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy studies revealed that all the molecules show intense fluorescence both in solution and in the aggregated state. In THF solutions, a blue emission was observed for the unsubstituted (H), methyl- (Me) and tert-butyl- (t-Bu) substituted γ-diphenylnaphthalonitriles, which can be attributed to a weak π-donor capability of these groups. On the other hand, the methoxy- (OMe), methylsulfanyl- (SMe) and dimethylamino- (NMe2) substituted compounds exhibit a progressive red-shift in emission compared to H, Me and t-Bu due to a growing π-electron donating capability. Interestingly, upon aggregation in water-containing media, H, Me and t-Bu show a slight red-shift of the emission and a blue-shift is observed for OMe, SMe and NMe2. The crystal structure of Me allowed a detailed discussion of the structure-property relationship. Clearly, N-containing substituents such as NMe2 possess more electron-donating ability than the S-based moieties such as SMe. Moreover, it was found that NMe2 showed higher luminescence quantum yields (ΦF) in comparison to SMe, indicating that N-substituted groups could enhance the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, the π-donor nature of the substituents on the phenyl ring constitutes the main parameter that influences the photophysical properties, such as excited state lifetimes and photoluminescence quantum yields. Hence, a series of highly luminescent materials from deep blue to red emission depending on substitution and environment is reported with potential applications in sensing, bioimaging and optoelectronics.

Compensation of Hybridization Defects in Phosphorescent Complexes with Pnictogen-Based Ligands-A Structural, Photophysical, and Theoretical Case-Study with Predictive Character.

In this work, for the first time, the comparative use of P-, As-, and Sb-based ligands in phosphorescent coordination compounds is reported toward new coordination chemical concepts in the design and realization of tailored triplet emitters with nonconventional elements. By means of spectroscopic, X-ray diffractometric, and quantum-chemical methods, we reconstructed the nature of the chemical bonds as well as the influence of the increasingly heavy elements on the photoexcited state properties, which were correlated with the hybridization and polarizability of the pnictogen atoms (Pn). In particular, we elucidated the structural and photophysical properties of a series of homologous Pt(II) complexes with monodentate ancillary ligands based on group 15 elements, namely P, As, and Sb. Six coordination compounds bearing tridentate dianionic 2,6-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)pyridine luminophoric pincer ligands bearing either CF3 or tBu moieties on the triazole rings along with triphenylpnictogens (PnPh3) as monodentate ancillary ligands ([CF3/Pn] or [tBu/Pn], respectively) have been investigated. The electron donating or withdrawing effect of the peripheral substituent (tBu vs. CF3, respectively) and its influence on the bonding, crystal packing as well as the excited state energies and lifetimes was assessed in fluid solutions, frozen glassy matrices, amorphous solids, and crystalline phases. A progressively red-shifted phosphorescence was observed with increasing atomic number along with a growing compensation of hybridization defects upon coordination of the Pn atom to the Pt(II) center. The change of molecular geometry of the PnPh3 unit upon complexation was extrapolated to predict the structural and excited state characteristics of the Bi-based analogues, which according to DFT calculations should be stable species and are the subject of ongoing synthetic efforts. In general, we envisage the use of these ligands for the relativistic enhancement of radiative deactivation rate processes, especially if Bi-based s-orbitals participate on the bond with the metal center, paving the road toward novel coordination compounds using abundant elements with high spin-orbit coupling for sustainable electroluminescent devices.

11B and 89Y solid state MAS NMR spectroscopic investigations of the layered borides YTB4 (T = Mo, W, Re).

The YCrB4 type borides YTB4 (T = Mo, W, Re) were synthesized from the elements by arc-melting and subsequent annealing. The structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Pbam, a = 602.84(8), b = 1164.5(1), c = 361.20(4) pm, wR2 = 0.0404, 624 F2 values, 26 variables for YMoB4, a = 603.00(7), b = 1165.1(1), c = 360.63(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0487, 474 F2 values, 26 variables for YWB4, and a = 596.67(6), b = 1154.4(1), c = 360.21(4) pm, wR2 = 0.0465, 544 F2 values, 26 variables for YReB4. The boron atoms build up planar networks which are a tessellation of slightly distorted pentagons and heptagons. Adjacent networks coordinate the transition metal and yttrium atoms in the form of pentagonal and heptagonal prisms, respectively. The four crystallographically distinct boron sites are differentiated by high-resolution 11B solid state isotropic magnetic shifts and nuclear electric quadrupolar coupling constants. Partial site assignments are possible based on comparisons with electric field gradient calculations using the WIEN2k code. 89Y MAS NMR spectroscopic studies suggest substantially weaker Knight shift contributions to the resonance frequencies when compared to other intermetallic yttrium compounds, including other ternary yttrium boride compounds measured previously.

A Dimeric η1 ,η5 -Germole Dianion Bridged Titanium(III) Complex with a Multicenter Ti-Ge-Ge-Ti Bond.

Dimeric germole dianion bridged TiIII and ZrIV complexes have been synthesized. In these complexes, the germole dianion adopts a formal η1 ,η5 coordination to the two metal centers. The bonding situation in these bridged dimers is dominated by a covalent Ge-Ge interaction that results, for example, in a strong antiferromagnetic coupling of the d1 Ti centers.

Synthesis and activation potential of an open shell diphosphine.

A paramagnetic WIII alkyne complex bearing free terminal diphenylphosphino groups at the side-on coordinated alkyne was synthesized using a stepwise template strategy. This moderately stable metal supported open shell diphosphine shows an unprecedented spontaneous splitting of nitric oxide providing a WII-η2-C2{P(NH2)Ph2}{P(O)Ph2}+ complex featuring an amino phosphonium and a phosphine oxide substituent.

Structurally related hydrazone-based metal complexes with different antitumor activities variably induce apoptotic cell death.

Three new complexes bearing the tridentate hydrazone-based ligand 2-(2-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridine (L) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Biological tests indicate that the Zn(ii) complex [ZnCl2(L)] is of low cytotoxicity against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. In contrast, the Cu(ii) and Mn(ii) complexes [CuCl2(L)] and [MnCl2(L)] are highly cytotoxic with EC50 values of 1.25 ± 0.01 µM and 20 ± 1 µM, respectively. A quantitative proteome analysis reveals that treatment of the cells with the Cu(ii) complex leads to a significantly altered abundance of 102 apoptosis-related proteins, whereas 38 proteins were up- or down-regulated by the Mn(ii) complex. A closer inspection of those proteins regulated only by the Cu(ii) complex suggests that the superior cytotoxic activity of this complex is likely to be related to an initiation of the caspase-independent cell death (CICD). In addition, an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a strong up-regulation of proteins responsive to oxidative stress suggest that alterations of the cellular redox metabolism likely contribute to the cytotoxicity of the Cu(ii) complex.

Phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes bearing a monoanionic C

A versatile design strategy is presented towards new monoanionic pincer luminophores, showing that cyclometallating C^N^N ligands can yield phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes even if a neutral 1,2,3-triazole ring is inserted by click chemistry. The overall charge, intermolecular interactions and excited state properties can be manipulated and controlled by varying the nature of the ancillary ligand, and its effect on the structural and the triplet state characteristics can be thoroughly investigated and correlated by means of theory and spectroscopy.

Metal-Mediated Assembly of 1,N(6)-Ethenoadenine: From Surfaces to DNA Duplexes.

The design of multinuclear metal complexes requires a match of the ligand-to-metal vectors and the preferred coordination geometries of the metal ions. Only a few ligands are known with a parallel orientation of N→M vectors that brings the metal ions into close proximity. We establish here the adenine derivative 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (εA) as an ideal bis(monodentate) ligand. Scanning tunneling microscope images of alkylated εA on graphite surface clearly indicate that these ligands bind to Ag(I) ions. The molecular structures of [Ag2(1)2](ClO4)2 and [Ag2(2)2](ClO4)2 (1, 9-ethyl-1,N(6)-ethenoadenine; 2, 9-propyl-1,N(6)-propylenoadenine) confirm that dinuclear complexes with short Ag···Ag distances are formed (3.0256(3) and 2.984(1) Å, respectively). The structural motif can be extended to divalent metal ions, as was shown by determining the molecular structure of [Cu2(1)2(CHO2)2(OH2)2](NO3)2·2H2O with a Cu···Cu distance of 3.162(2) Å. Moreover, when introducing the 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine deoxyribonucleoside into parallel-stranded DNA duplexes, even dinuclear Ag(I)-mediated base pairs are formed, featuring the same transoid orientation of the glycosidic bonds as the model complexes. Hence, 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine and its derivatives are ideally suited as bis(monodentate) ligands with a parallel alignment of the N→M vectors for the construction of supramolecular metal complexes that require two metal ions at close distance.

Metal complexes of 6-pyrazolylpurine derivatives as models for metal-mediated base pairs.

6-(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)purine has recently been introduced as an artificial nucleobase for the specific recognition of canonical nucleobases via the formation of a metal-mediated base pair. We report here the synthesis and structural characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a series of metal complexes of the corresponding alkylated model nucleobases 9-methyl-6-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)purine 2 and 9-methyl-6-pyrazol-1-yl-purine 7. The sterically more demanding ligand 2 forms the Cu(2+) complexes [Cu(2)(NO3)2] and [Cu(2)Cl2] with a 1:1 stoichiometry of ligand and metal ion. In contrast, ligand 7 forms complexes [Cu(7)2(NO3)](NO3) and [Ag(7)2](ClO4) with a 2:1 stoichiometry. The molecular structures of [Cu(2)(NO3)2] and [Cu(2)Cl2] confirm the previously suggested coordination pattern, i.e. Cu(2+) is coordinated via the pyrazole nitrogen atom and the purine N7 position. The fact that different relative orientations of the two ligands in [Cu(7)2(NO3)](NO3) and [Ag(7)2](ClO4) are observed allows the prediction that the corresponding metal-mediated homo base pairs should be stable both in regular antiparallel-stranded and in the rare parallel-stranded double helices.