Inflammation-Based Scores as a Common Tool for Prognostic Assessment in Heart Failure or Cancer.

Background: Inflammation-based scores are widely tested in cancer and have been evaluated in cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. Objectives: We investigated the impact of established inflammation-based scores on disease severity and survival in patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) paralleling results to an intra-institutional cohort of treatment naïve cancer patients. Methods: HFrEF and cancer patients were prospectively enrolled. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR), the monocyte-to-lymphocyte-ratio (MLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte-ratio (PLR), and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) at index day were calculated. Association of scores with disease severity and impact on overall survival was determined. Interaction analysis was performed for the different populations. Results: Between 2011 and 2017, a total of 818 patients (443 HFrEF and 375 cancer patients) were enrolled. In HFrEF, there was a strong association between all scores and disease severity reflected by NT-proBNP and NYHA class (p ≤ 0.001 for all). In oncologic patients, association with tumor stage was significant for the PNI only (p = 0.035). In both disease entities, all scores were associated with all-cause mortality (p ≤ 0.014 for all scores). Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the discriminatory power of all scores in the HFrEF and the oncologic study population, respectively (log-rank p ≤ 0.026 for all scores). A significant interaction with disease (HFrEF vs. cancer) was observed for PNI (p interaction = 0.013) or PLR (p interaction = 0.005), respectively, with higher increase in risk per inflammatory score increment for HFrEF. Conclusion: In crude models, the inflammatory scores NLR, MLR, PLR, and PNI are associated with severity of disease in HFrEF and with survival in HFrEF similarly to cancer patients. For PNI and PLR, the association with increase in risk per increment was even stronger in HFrEF than in malignant disease.

Long-term Survival After Salvage Surgery for a Giant Primary Rib Osteosarcoma.

A 29-year-old woman with a primary rib osteosarcoma declined treatment and was readmitted 20 months later in life-threatening condition caused by major local tumor progression with severe mediastinal shifting, and without distant metastases. She underwent extended tumor resection with palliative intent and recovered well after a prolonged course with post-pneumonectomy empyema. Further treatment was declined, and she presented again 4.5 years later with local chest wall recurrence that was completely resected. Currently, 7 years after diagnosis, the patient is free from disease. In this rare case, salvage surgery was associated with an unexpected favorable long-term outcome.

Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma of Larynx and Hypopharynx: A Rare Clinicopathological Entity.

(1) Background: Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the hypopharynx and larynx is a rare tumor with fewer than 50 cases in the published literature. We present a literature review to discuss the clinical findings, viral or genetic associations, diagnostic challenges, histopathological findings and therapeutic aspects of the disease. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed through MEDLINE/PubMed from 1968 to 2018. We identified 21 studies comprising 46 patients. Data on all the clinicopathological features, diagnostic modalities, treatment options and viral or genetic etiology were extracted and analyzed using SPSS. (3) Results: The mean age of presentation was 64 years (range 40-82 years) and mostly involved males. The supraglottis and pyriform sinus were the most commonly involved sub-sites, with surgery as the preferred treatment modality. The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus possibly directs a viral etiology. The incidence of cervical and distant metastasis was 54% and 21%, respectively. The median survival time was 30 months. (4) Conclusions: Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the hypopharynx is an aggressive tumor with a strong predilection for regional and distant metastasis. Surgery, in combination with adjuvant therapy, provides promising results. Immunohistochemistry helps in differentiating LEC from other pathologies.

Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: A Diagnostic Pitfall in Pregnancy.

Lung cancer during pregnancy represents a rare disease. In this case report, we present a patient at advanced and metastasized stage of signet ring cell carcinoma who presented in the 22nd week of gestation.

Activity of Pembrolizumab in Recurrent Cervical Cancer: Case Series and Review of Published Data.

OBJECTIVES: Recent data support the use of pembrolizumab in cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate pembrolizumab in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent cervical cancer. METHODS: Data from consecutive patients treated with pembrolizumab at a single academic institution were assessed. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status and microsatellite instability were assessed from tumor samples. Irrespective of PD-L1 expression status, pembrolizumab was administered at fixed dose of 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks. Treatment response was evaluated by computed tomography, using iRECIST (2017) criteria. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results from previous publications were summarized. RESULTS: In total, 11 heavily pretreated patients with recurrent cervical cancer received pembrolizumab. Of these, 2 (18%) patients showed partial response and 2 (18%) patients showed disease stabilization on computed tomography, resulting in a clinical benefit rate of 36%. These 4 patients are still on treatment and durable antitumor activity of up to 52 weeks was observed. Treatment was generally well tolerated with 1 patient showing dose-limiting toxicity. Median overall survival was 26 (3-53) weeks, and a 6-month overall survival rate of 65% was observed. Of the 5 patients with high PD-L1 expression, 3 showed response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pembrolizumab shows promising activity in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent cervical cancer in a real-life clinical setting. Treatment was generally well tolerated, and adverse effects were manageable. Growing evidence supports the use of pembrolizumab in this group of patients.

Subclinical involvement of the liver is associated with prognosis in treatment naïve cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Routinely tested liver biomarkers as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE), albumin and bilirubin are altered in distinct malignancies and hepatic metastases. This study aimed to investigate whether all liver parameters have the ability to predict long-term mortality in treatment naïve cancer patients but without a malignant hepatic involvement. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 555 consecutive patients with primary diagnosis of cancer without prior anticancer therapy. BChE, albumin, AST, ALT, GGT and bilirubin as well as the inflammatory makers C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined. All-cause mortality was defined as primary endpoint. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 25 (IQR16-31) months 186 (34%) patients died. All liver parameters were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (p < 0.001 for all). However, for patients without a malignant primary or secondary hepatic involvement (82%) only the functional parameters BChE and albumin remained significantly associated with the primary endpoint (crude HR per 1-IQR increase 0.61, 95%CI:0.49-0.77; p < 0.001 for BChE and 0.58, 95%CI:0.47-0.70; p < 0.001 for albumin). This e ect was persistent after multivariate adjustment (adj.HR per 1-IQR increase 0.65, 95%CI:0.50-0.86; p = 0.002 for BChE and 0.63, 95%CI:0.50-0.79; p < 0.001 for albumin). BChE and albumin correlated inversely with CRP (r = -0.21, p < 0.001 and r = -0.36, p < 0.001), SAA (r = -0.19, p < 0.001 and r = -0.33, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (r = -0.13, p = 0.009 and r = -0.17, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased serum BChE and albumin levels are associated with increased all-cause mortality in treatment-naïve cancer patients without a manifest malignant hepatic involvement irrespective of tumor entity or stage. This association may reflect progressing systemic inflammation and metabolic derangement with subclinical involvement of the liver.

PTEN expression as a predictor for the response to trastuzumab-based therapy in Her-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Even though trastuzumab is an effective therapy in early stage Her-2+ breast cancer, 40-50% of advanced Her-2+ breast cancer patients develop trastuzumab resistance. A potential resistance mechanism is aberrant downstream signal transmission due to loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). This study investigated the relationship between the expression of PTEN and trastuzumab response in Her-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer patients. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2007, 164 patients with Her-2+ metastatic breast cancer received trastuzumab-based therapy in our institution. We analyzed PTEN status by immunohistochemistry of 115 available tumor tissues and analyzed associations with other histopathological parameters, response rate, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with a median follow-up of 60 months. RESULTS: Eighty patients were PTEN positive (69.6%) and 35 patients PTEN negative (30.4%). We found a significant association of the expression of PTEN and p53 (p = 0.041), while there was no association with grading, hormone receptor status, IGFR or MIB. We found significantly more cases with progressive disease under trastuzumab-based therapy in patients with PTEN positive breast cancers (p = 0.018), while there was no significant correlation with PFS or OS. CONCLUSION: In Her-2-positive metastatic breast cancers, PTEN positivity was significantly associated with progressive disease, but not with PFS or OS.

Coordinated Pulses of mRNA and of Protein Translation or Degradation Produce EGF-Induced Protein Bursts.

Protein responses to extracellular cues are governed by gene transcription, mRNA degradation and translation, and protein degradation. In order to understand how these time-dependent processes cooperate to generate dynamic responses, we analyzed the response of human mammary cells to the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Integrating time-dependent transcript and protein data into a mathematical model, we inferred for several proteins their pre-and post-stimulus translation and degradation coefficients and found that they exhibit complex, time-dependent variation. Specifically, we identified strategies of protein production and degradation acting in concert to generate rapid, transient protein bursts in response to EGF. Remarkably, for some proteins, for which the response necessitates rapidly decreased abundance, cells exhibit a transient increase in the corresponding degradation coefficient. Our model and analysis allow inference of the kinetics of mRNA translation and protein degradation, without perturbing cells, and open a way to understanding the fundamental processes governing time-dependent protein abundance profiles.

Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with cancer and their association with all-cause mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with cancer may display elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) without clinical manifestation of cardiac disease. This study aimed to evaluate circulating cardiovascular hormones and hsTnT and their association with mortality in cancer. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 555 consecutive patients with a primary diagnosis of cancer and without prior cardiotoxic anticancer therapy. N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP), mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1), copeptin, hsTnT, proinflammatory markers interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C reactive protein (CRP), and cytokines serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin and fibronectin were measured. All-cause mortality was defined as primary endpoint. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 25 (IQR 16-31) months, 186 (34%) patients died. All cardiovascular hormones and hsTnT levels rose with tumour stage progression. All markers were significant predictors of mortality with HRs per IQR of 1.54 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.90, p<0.001) for NT-proBNP, 1.40 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.79, p<0.01) for MR-proANP, 1.31 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.44, p<0.001) for MR-proADM, 1.21 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.30, p<0.001) for CT-proET-1, 1.22 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.42, p=0.014) for copeptin and 1.21 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.32, p<0.001) for hsTnT, independent of age, gender, tumour entity and stage, and presence of cardiac comorbidities. NT-proBNP, MR-proANP, MR-proADM and hsTnT displayed a significant correlation with IL-6 and CRP. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating levels of cardiovascular peptides like NT-proBNP, MR-proANP, MR-proADM, CT-pro-ET-1 and hsTnT were elevated in an unselected population of patients with cancer prior to induction of any cardiotoxic anticancer therapy. The aforementioned markers and copeptin were strongly related to all-cause mortality, suggesting the presence of subclinical functional and morphological myocardial damage directly linked to disease progression.

Navigator-3, a modulator of cell migration, may act as a suppressor of breast cancer progression.

Dissemination of primary tumor cells depends on migratory and invasive attributes. Here, we identify Navigator-3 (NAV3), a gene frequently mutated or deleted in human tumors, as a regulator of epithelial migration and invasion. Following induction by growth factors, NAV3 localizes to the plus ends of microtubules and enhances their polarized growth. Accordingly, NAV3 depletion trimmed microtubule growth, prolonged growth factor signaling, prevented apoptosis and enhanced random cell migration. Mathematical modeling suggested that NAV3-depleted cells acquire an advantage in terms of the way they explore their environment. In animal models, silencing NAV3 increased metastasis, whereas ectopic expression of the wild-type form, unlike expression of two, relatively unstable oncogenic mutants from human tumors, inhibited metastasis. Congruently, analyses of > 2,500 breast and lung cancer patients associated low NAV3 with shorter survival. We propose that NAV3 inhibits breast cancer progression by regulating microtubule dynamics, biasing directionally persistent rather than random migration, and inhibiting locomotion of initiated cells.

Distinctive outcome in patients with non-uterine and uterine leiomyosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcomas represent the largest subtype of soft tissue sarcomas. Two subgroups can be distinguished, non-uterine (NULMS) and uterine leiomyosarcomas (ULMS). The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate differences in clinical features and outcome between these two subgroups. METHODS: Outcome and clinical-pathological parameters between 50 patients with NULMS and 45 patients with ULMS were assessed, and compared between both groups. Univariate and multivariable survival analyses were performed. RESULTS: Patients with ULMS presented with larger tumors when compared to patients with NULMS (p < 0.001). More patients with ULMS initially presented with metastatic disease (67% vs. 36%, p = 0.007). Most common metastatic site was lung for both subtypes (28% and 38%). Five-year overall survival (OS) rates of 82.6% and 41.2% and median OS times of 92.6 (range: 79.7-105.4) and 50.4 (range: 34.8-66.0) months were observed in patients with NULMS and ULMS, respectively (p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, initial metastatic disease remained an independent prognostic factor in terms of OS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: At time of diagnosis ULMS were larger and more often metastasized. Therefore patients with ULMS showed unfavorable outcome when compared to NULMS. Later diagnosis might be caused by differences in symptoms and clinical presentation or a more aggressive biological tumor behavior.

Hepatic dysfunction contributes to coagulation disturbances in patients undergoing whole body hyperthermia by use of extracorporeal circulation.

PURPOSE: This phase I study was performed to evaluate coagulation alterations during extracorporeal circulation (ECC) induced whole body hyperthermia (WBHT) in 12 patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas. METHODS: To distinguish between effects of normothermic ECC and ECC-WBHT, blood samples were drawn at different time points: at baseline, after 30 min on normothermic ECC, at the end of the heating period, and 24 h and 7 days thereafter. Standard coagulation tests, coagulation factors, thrombelastography,platelets and reticulated platelets, liver enzymes, and scintigraphic platelet imaging were performed. RESULTS: Normothermic ECC resulted in coagulation alterations most likely due to systemic anticoagulation. Induction of hyperthermia caused thrombocytopenia, increased fibrin degradation products,prolonged clotting times, alteration in coagulation factors, and increased liver enzymes. The majority of these effects was most pronounced 24 h after ECC-WBHT. In addition, late liver sequestration of platelets was demonstrated in scintigraphic imaging at that time point. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal correlation between hemostatic alterations and elevation in liver enzymes leads to the assumption that liver impairment might play a crucial role in coagulation disturbances observed during ECC-WBHT and thereafter, thus strongly supported by liver sequestration of platelets.Therefore a close monitoring of hepatic derived coagulation alterations in patients undergoing extracorporeal whole body hypothermia is warranted.

Initially localized synovial sarcoma in adults: a retrospective single-center analysis of 26 patients registered at the Department of Oncology, University of Vienna between 2004 and 2013.

BACKGROUND: Synovial sarcoma is a rare subgroup of all soft-tissue sarcomas. The aim of this retrospective single-center analysis was to investigate the outcome of patients with initially localized disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients were enrolled in this retrospective single-center analysis. Baseline characteristics, treatment and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: In 13 patients (50%), the tumor was located in the lower extremity and in 4 patients (15%) in the upper extremity. Surgical resection was done in all but 2 patients (92%). Re-resection was done in 7 patients (27%). Fourteen patients (54%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 23.3 months (range: 2.6-150.3), median disease-free survival was not reached at the time of analysis. Eight patients (31%) relapsed after initial therapy. Surgery was done in 2 patients, amputation in 1 patient, palliative chemotherapy was administered in 3 and radiation therapy in 2 patients. Median overall survival (OS) for all patients was not reached at the time of analysis. The estimated 5-year OS rate was 62%. CONCLUSION: Patients with initially localized synovial sarcoma who were included in this retrospective single-center analysis have an estimated 5-year OS rate of 62%.

Arthroscopic Removal of Chronic Symptomatic Calcifications of the Supraspinatus Tendon Without Acromioplasty: Analysis of Postoperative Recovery and Outcome Factors.

BACKGROUND: Little knowledge exists on postoperative recovery of pain and shoulder function following arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits of the supraspinatus tendon (ACDSSP). Certain factors may influence outcome, including acromial morphology. PURPOSE: To examine postoperative recovery following ACDSSP without acromioplasty and to analyze influential outcome factors. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 82 patients (105 shoulders) after ACDSSP without acromioplasty. Time periods for postoperative recovery of pain and subjective shoulder function were recorded. The absolute and normalized Constant scores (CSabs and CSnorm, respectively), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), DASH score (DS), and subjective shoulder value (SSV) were measured after a mean follow-up of 33.9 months. Analyzed outcome factors included localization of the calcific deposit (CD), acromial morphology, radiographic extent of CD removal, type of nonoperative treatment, and preoperative duration of symptoms. RESULTS: Mean duration of postoperative pain was 2.2 weeks. Recovery of subjective shoulder function required 11.1 weeks on average. Mean ± standard deviation follow-up values were 91.1 ± 8.3 for CSabs, 104.2% ± 8.2% for CSnorm, 13.1 ± 2.6 for OSS, 1.81 ± 4.59 for DS, and 93.8% ± 10.7% for SSV. Abduction was significantly (P = .008) lower in patients with type III (170° ± 17.5°) compared with type I (174° ± 20.7°) and type II (179° ± 4.5°) acromions. Also, abduction was significantly (P = .001) lower in patients with long-standing symptoms (>72 months). Minor calcific remnants were found in 19 of 105 shoulders (18.1%), but affected neither postoperative recovery nor outcome. CONCLUSION: ACDSSP without acromioplasty yielded favorable outcomes and effected fast remission of pain regardless of acromial morphology. However, recovery of subjective shoulder function required almost 3 months on average. Minimal restriction of abduction occurred in patients with hook-shaped acromions and long-standing preoperative symptoms. The present data do not support routine performance of acromioplasty.

High-level ERBB2 gene amplification is associated with a particularly short time-to-metastasis, but results in a high rate of complete response once trastuzumab-based therapy is offered in the metastatic setting.

Despite patient selection based on ERBB2 overexpression, not all patients benefit from trastuzumab therapy. We have investigated whether a ERBB2 gene dosage effect might provoke increased biological aggressiveness and altered trastuzumab sensitivity. Absolute ERBB2 copy numbers ("CN") and ERBB2/centromer 17 ratios ("R") were measured by FISH analysis in tumors of 127 patients receiving trastuzumab-based treatment for Her-2/neu overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. CN and R were both significantly associated with shorter time to first metastasis (TTM) (CN: OR: 1.099, 95% CI: 1.042-1.159; R: OR: 1.211, 95% CI: 1.080-1.357) and longer PFS (CN: OR: 0.917, 95% CI: 0.867-0.969; R: OR: 0.840, 95% CI: 0.743-0.949) in a continuous variable Cox's regression model. Tumors with ERBB2/centromer 17 ratios of <2.2 had a significantly shorter TTM (p = 0.002) and significantly longer PFS (p = 0.003) than tumors with low-level (R: 2.2-6) and high-level amplification (R: >6). Interestingly, when ERBB2 copy numbers were analyzed, a significantly shorter TTM (p = 0.001) and longer PFS (p = 0.026) were observed in the group with high-level amplified CN (CN: >13), while no difference was observed between non- and low-level amplified CN. R, but not CN, was an independent predictor of complete (CR; OR: 1.685; 95% CI: 1.122-2.532) and partial (PR; OR: 1.704; 95% CI: 1.136-2.556) response in logistic regression analysis. CR (p = 0.016) rates were significantly higher in the high-level amplification group (R > 6), but no difference existed in response rates between non- and low-level amplified tumors in Chi-square tests. High-level ERBB2 amplification is associated with shorter TTM, but improved response to trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer.

Epidermal growth-factor-induced transcript isoform variation drives mammary cell migration.

Signal-induced transcript isoform variation (TIV) includes alternative promoter usage as well as alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation of mRNA. To assess the phenotypic relevance of signal-induced TIV, we employed exon arrays and breast epithelial cells, which migrate in response to the epidermal growth factor (EGF). We show that EGF rapidly--within one hour--induces widespread TIV in a significant fraction of the transcriptome. Importantly, TIV characterizes many genes that display no differential expression upon stimulus. In addition, similar EGF-dependent changes are shared by a panel of mammary cell lines. A functional screen, which utilized isoform-specific siRNA oligonucleotides, indicated that several isoforms play essential, non-redundant roles in EGF-induced mammary cell migration. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of TIV in the rapid evolvement of a phenotypic response to extracellular signals.

Surgical treatment of GIST--an institutional experience of a high-volume center.

BACKGROUND: Discovery of the molecular pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal stromal tumors led to the development of targeted therapies, revolutionizing their treatment. However, surgery is still the mainstay of GIST therapy and the only chance for cure. AIM: Here we present a single institutional consecutive case series of 159 GIST-patients. METHODS AND PATIENTS: A total of 159 GIST-patients who underwent resection between 1994 and 2011 were reviewed for clinicopathohistological data, informations on surgical and medical therapy and further follow-up, outcome and survival data. RESULTS: Laparoscopic (25.2%) and open (71.1%) GIST surgery achieved complete resection rates of 97.5% and 85.2%, whereas 44.4% of incomplete and 6.6% of complete resected patients died from GIST. Compared to open surgery laparoscopy significantly reduced duration of operation (183.4 vs. 130.6 min), length of hospitalization (16.1 vs. 8.3 d) and morbidity (23% vs. 7.5%). Mean survival time was 3.7 ± 2.7 years (R0: 5.1 a and R1: 2.6 a) and the mean overall survival was 4.5 ± 3.8 years. CONCLUSION: Complete surgical resection is the primary goal and laparoscopy can be performed safely in a subset of GIST-patients with potential perioperative advantages. Although not proven by the present study the authors assume that multimodal GIST-treatment, as performed in reference-centers, is required for advanced or high risk disease. Our data suggest the potential for minimally invasive GIST resection to achieving comparable oncological outcomes as after open surgery while providing low morbidity rates.

HER3, p95HER2, and HER2 protein expression levels define multiple subtypes of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Trastuzumab is effective in the treatment of HER2/neu over-expressing breast cancer, but not all patients benefit from it. In vitro data suggest a role for HER3 in the initiation of signaling activity involving the AKT­mTOR pathway leading to trastuzumab insensitivity. We sought to investigate the potential of HER3 alone and in the context of p95HER2 (p95), a trastuzumab resistance marker, as biomarkers of trastuzumab escape. Using the VeraTag® assay platform, we developed a dual antibody proximity-based assay for the precise quantitation of HER3 total protein (H3T) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tumors. We then measured H3T in 89 patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with trastuzumab-based therapy, and correlated the results with progression-free survival and overall survival using Kaplan­Meier and decision tree analyses that also included HER2 total (H2T) and p95 expression levels. Within the sub-population of patients that over-expressed HER2, high levels of HER3 and/or p95 protein expression were significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes on trastuzumab-based therapy. Based on quantitative H3T, p95, and H2T measurements, multiple subtypes of HER2-positive breast cancer were identified that differ in their outcome following trastuzumab therapy. These data suggest that HER3 and p95 are informative biomarkers of clinical outcomes on trastuzumab therapy, and that multiple subtypes of HER2-positive breast cancer may be defined by quantitative measurements of H3T, p95, and H2T.