Assessment of the Correlation between Endoscopic Activity and Histological Activity in Ulcerative Colitis Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the concordance between the Rachmilewitz endoscopic activity index (EAI) and the Harpaz histopathological activity scoring system (HSS), which are used for evaluating the disease activity of ulcerative colitis (UC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study included 109 patients with UC. Based on the disease extent, patients were divided into two groups as left-sided colitis and pancolitis. Patients were grouped as inactive, mild, moderate and severe depending on the Rachmilewitz EAI and Harpaz HSS. Kendal's tau and kappa (x03BA;) statistics were used to assess the agreement between endoscopic and histopathological scores. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was also analyzed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic scores to predict inactive histopathological disease. RESULTS: In the left-sided colitis group, there were slight and poor agreements in the inactive endoscopic subscores (ESS) with inactive Harpaz HSS (x03BA;: 0.598, p < 0.001) and moderate ESS with moderate Harpaz HSS (x03BA;: 0.236, p = 0.046). There was no agreement between mild ESS and mild Harpaz HSS and between severe ESS and severe Harpaz HSS (x03BA;: 0.071, p = 0.573 and x03BA;: 0.160, p = 0.151, respectively). In the pancolitis group, there was no significant agreement between inactive, mild, moderate and severe ESS and the equivalent Harpaz HSS grades (x03BA;: -0.194, p = 0.187; x03BA;: 0.125, p = 0.397; x03BA;: 0.148, p = 0.175 and x03BA;: 0.174, p = 0.153, respectively). The ROC curve showed that the ESS indicating inactive disease had a low sensitivity to predict histologically inactive disease. CONCLUSION: The concordance between the endoscopic and histopathological indices was poor. Using both scores in the follow-up of patients with UC is necessary for treatment planning.

Role of chemotherapeutic agents in the management of cystic echinococcosis.

Hydatid disease is caused by infection with the metacestode stage of Echinococcus tapeworms of the family Taeniidae. The primary carriers are dogs and wolves, and humans are accidental hosts that do not contribute to the normal life cycle of this organism. The liver is the most commonly involved organ in the body by cystic echinococcosis (CE) secondary to infection with Echinococcus granulosus . Management options for CE should depend on the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic classification. Small (<5 cm) WHO stage CE1 and CE3a cysts may be primarily treated with benzimidazoles; the first-choice drug is albendazole. In some situations the combination of albendazole and praziquantel may be preferred. Chemotherapy with a benzimidazole or albendazole plus praziquantel is also used as adjunctive treatment to surgery and percutaneous treatment. Drug treatments have been the indispensable therapeutic modalities for cystic echinococcosis.

The effect of glycemic control on CEA, CA 19-9, amylase and lipase levels.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is closely related to pancreas cancer. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on tumor and inflammation markers, as well as pancreatic exocrine functions. METHODS: A total of 98 consecutive diabetic patients with poor glycemic control, and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. We measured hsCRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), CA19-9, CEA, amylase and lipase in addition to routine biochemistry tests, before and after euglycemia was achieved. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, CA19-9, CEA, hsCRP, ESR, triglycerides, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels decreased significantly with the regulation of glycemic control. Amylase and lipase levels increased with the regulation of glycemic control. After glycemic control, CA19-9 and CEA levels were still higher, whereas amylase and lipase levels were still lower in the diabetic group compared with the control group. Basal HbA1c showed significant correlation with CA19-9, CEA, amylase and lipase. CONCLUSIONS: We propose to repeat observations of tumor markers after hyperglycemia is resolved, in order to avoid unnecessary invasive tests. Our data also suggest that pancreatic exocrine function was improved with lowering blood glucose in a short period of time.

Assessment of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) level in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: Insulin-like growth factor-1 may serve some regulatory function in the immune system. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is related to autoimmune heart valve damage after streptococcal infection. The aim of this study was to assess the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its correlation with the Wilkins score in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. METHODS: A total of 65 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and 62 age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The mitral valve area and Wilkins score were evaluated for all patients. Biochemical parameters and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were measured. RESULTS: Demographic data were similar in the rheumatic mitral stenosis and control groups. The mean mitral valve area was 1.6±0.4 cm2 in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group. The level of insulin-like growth factor-1 was significantly higher in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group than in the control group (104 (55.6-267) versus 79.1 (23.0-244.0) ng/ml; p=0.039). There was a significant moderate positive correlation between insulin-like growth factor-1 and thickening of leaflets score of Wilkins (r=0.541, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were significantly higher in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group compared with control subjects and that insulin-like growth factor-1 level was also correlated with the Wilkins score. It can be suggested that there may be a link between insulin-like growth factor-1 level and immune pathogenesis of rheumatic mitral stenosis.

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and beta-2 microglobulin in humans.

UNLABELLED: H. pylori is related to various gastrointestinal diseases. ß2 Microglobulin (ß 2M) is an intrinsic element of major histocompatibility complex (MHC I). Serum ß2M level may increase in inflammatory states. The aim of current study is to evaluate the relationship between ß2M and H. pylori bearing CagA strains. METHODS: H. pylori status was determined by histopathology of samples taken from stomach. CagA status and ß2M level were measured from blood samples of patients. Eradication therapy was administered to the patients with H. pylori infection. ß2 Microglobulin levels were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: 35 (29.2%) H. pylori(-) patients and 85 (70.8%) H. pylori (+) patients were included in the study. There were 52 (43.3%) patients with CagA negative and 33 (27.5%) patients with CagA positive H. pylori infection. The mean serum ß2M level was 1.83 mg/L in H. pylori (-) group, 1.76 mg/L in H. pylori (+) CagA (-) group, and 1.93 mg/L in H. pylori and CagA (+) group (P > 0.05). Serum ß 2M levels (1.82 versus 1.64 mg/L P < 0.05) were decreased after eradication. CONCLUSION: H. pylori and CagA status did not affect ß2M level. Relationship between low grade systematic inflammation and H. pylori should be investigated to find out new predictors for diseases associated with inflammation.

The association of vitamin D deficiency with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency has been related to diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and peripheral vascular disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D status in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: We included 211 consecutive subjects to examine the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Of these subjects, 57 did not have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 154 had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. RESULTS: The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group had significantly higher fasting blood glucose (p = 0.005), uric acid (p = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p<0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (p<0.0001), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.028), HbA1c (p<0.001), ferritin (p<0.001), insulin (p = 0.016), C-peptide (p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.003), total cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001) and white blood cell (p = 0.04) levels. In contrast, the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (12.3±8.9 ng/dl, p<0.001) compared with those of the control group (20±13.6 ng/dl). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found lower serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than in subjects without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. To establish causality between vitamin D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, further interventional studies with a long-term follow-up are needed.

The association of vitamin D deficiency with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency has been related to diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and peripheral vascular disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D status in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: We included 211 consecutive subjects to examine the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Of these subjects, 57 did not have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 154 had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. RESULTS: The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group had significantly higher fasting blood glucose (p = 0.005), uric acid (p = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p<0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (p<0.0001), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.028), HbA1c (p<0.001), ferritin (p<0.001), insulin (p = 0.016), C-peptide (p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.003), total cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001) and white blood cell (p = 0.04) levels. In contrast, the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (12.3±8.9 ng/dl, p<0.001) compared with those of the control group (20±13.6 ng/dl). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found lower serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than in subjects without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. To establish causality between vitamin D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, further interventional studies with a long-term follow-up are needed. .

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a strong predictor of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical term that covers simple fatty liver (SFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between steatosis and hs-CRP in patients with ultrasonographically verified NAFLD. METHODOLOGY: We examined 296 consecutive patients. NAFLD was detected by ultrasound (US). Patients with NAFLD who had an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level of > 40 IU/mL were considered to have NASH and those with normal liver function test results were considered to have SFL. Patients who did not have NAFLD constituted the control group. The SFL, NASH and control groups were compared in terms of hs-CRP levels. RESULTS: Of 296 patients, 86 had normal hepatic US findings and 210 had hepatosteatosis. Hs-CRP levels were higher in patients with NAFLD as compared to the control group (0.68 mg/ dL vs. 0.34 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between patients with SFL and NASH in terms of hs-CRP levels (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that hs-CRP was a strong predictor of NAFLD (odds ratio: 6.04; 95% confidence interval: 2.08-17.74). CONCLUSIONS: hs-CRP can be used as a non-invasive marker of NAFLD as it was found to be a strong predictor of NAFLD in this study.

Decreased parasympathetic activity in patients with functional dyspepsia.

OBJECTIVE: Functional dyspepsia (FD) can be described as the presence of symptoms such as bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and burning without any evidence of structural disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the autonomic nervous system using heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population included 64 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of FD and 62 age-matched and sex-matched healthy control individuals with no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal, systemic, or cardiovascular diseases. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 24 h Holter monitoring. RESULTS: There were 30 patients with postprandial distress syndrome and 34 with epigastric pain syndrome. Twenty-four hour square root of the mean squared differences of the successive normal to normal intervals (RMSSD) (30.5 ± 12.4, 35.8 ± 13.9; P=0.047), 24 h proportion derived by dividing the number of interval differences of successive normal to normal intervals greater than 50 ms (PNN50) (9.8 ± 3.9, 14.1 ± 7.3; P=0.017), daytime PNN50 (6.8 ± 1.6, 18.4 ± 13.8; P<0.001), night SD of the normal to normal intervals (SDNN) (111.4 ± 39.9, 133.4 ± 29.8; P=0.001), and night RMSSD (31.7 ± 12.4, 38.2 ± 17.5; P=0.019) were significantly lower in patients with FD than controls. Other HRV parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. Changes in these parameters showed a decreased parasympathetic tone and discordance in sympathovagal activity in FD. CONCLUSION: Our study showed decreased parasympathetic activity in the patients with FD. Further studies are required to evaluate the significance of HRV parameters and to clarify the mechanism of decreased parasympathetic activity in patients with FD.

Evaluation of two hemorrhoidectomy techniques: harmonic scalpel and Ferguson's with electrocautery.

AIM: The prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease is a common disease that usually needs surgery for treatment. Although conservative treatment is often enough for early stages, late stage disease usually needs surgical treatment. The most common and effective approaches used for conventional surgical treatment are harmonic scalpel (HS) and Ferguson's with electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy (FEH). We aimed to use the HS device for hemorrhoidectomy in Grade III and Grade IV hemorrhoids and compare our results with FEH MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enrolled into the study were 151 patients who were operated for symptomatic Grade III-IV hemorrhoids. Patients were randomized into FEH and HS groups. The present review focused on comparing HS hemorrhoidectomy versus FEH with regards to operating time, postoperative pain, duration of disease, number of issued analgesics, length of hospital stay, time to return to normal activity, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The mean ages of patients who underwent HS and FEH were 34.1 ± 9.2 years and 33.7 ± 8.4 years, respectively. The average postoperative stay in the HS group was 1.0 ± 0.1 days and in the FEH group was 1.2 ± 0.4 (p = 0.001). The time of return to normal activity was less for the HS groups than for the FEH groups (10.6 ± 2.1 days vs. 16.0 ± 6.3 days; p = 0.001). The mean operating time of the HS and FEH groups was 16.8 ± 4.1 minutes and 25.5 ± 7.7 minutes, respectively (p = 0.001). The total analgesic doses for the HS group were 790 ± 206 mg, 619 ± 234 mg, and 30 ± 99 mg, and for the FEH group were 1096 ± 194 mg, 1000 ± 259 mg, and 40 ± 0 mg for postoperative Day 1, Day 7, and Day 28, respectively. There was no significant difference between the HS group and the FEH group in the terms of the number of excised hemorrhoid masses (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 1.88 ± 0.6). CONCLUSION: HS hemorrhoidectomy is safe and effective, causes less blood loss and postoperative pain, and fewer complications compared to FEH.

General Properties of Colon Polyps in Central Anatolia.

AIM: Polyp is called formations protruding into the lumen in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we aimed to determine frequency, anatomic distribution within the large bowel and pathologic types of colon polyps based on the colonoscopy results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The colonoscopy reports between 2010 and 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Complaint of the patients on admission, the presence of polyps, anatomic distribution of polyps, polyp type and polyp size were evaluated. RESULT: A total of 4000 colonoscopy reports were examined. The largest proportion of polyps occurred in the left colon (74.4%), followed by the ascending colon (11.5%). Eighty-five were adenomatous polyps, 71 were hyperplastic polyps, 12 were inflammatory polyps, 12 were serrated adenoma, 3 were adenocarcinoma, and 8 were tubulovillous adenomas. DISCUSSION: In light of like this study, the development of screening and follow-up programs in Turkey will be useful to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer.How to cite this article: Kefeli A, Basyigit S, Yeniova AO, Nazligul Y, Kucukazman M, Aktas B. General Properties of Colon Polyps in Central Anatolia. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014;4(1):7-10.

Early Gastric Cancer: A Demonstrative Case Report.

With early detection of gastric cancer, mortality from gastric cancer has decreased. Endoscopists should be more suspicious about these lesions because these can be easily neglected. We reported a case which has endoscopic appearance of benign lesion but possessed malignant histological features. How to cite this article: Basyigit S, Aktas B, Küçükazman M, Simsek HD, Simsek GG, Kefeli A, Yeniova AÖ, Nazligul Y. Early Gastric Cancer: A Demonstrative Case Report. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014;4(1):61.

Platelet Number and Indexes during Acute Pancreatitis.

AIM: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder, the incidence of which has been increasing over recent years. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an index of platelet activation and influenced by inflammation. The objective of the present study is to assess whether MPV would be convenient parameters for predictor factor of patients with AP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 140 AP patients (male/female: 63/77) and 70 healthy subjects (male/female: 23/47) were enrolled in this study. The following data were extracted from the hospital medical records, including age, sex, platelet count, MPV, were recorded at the time of admission and as well as at the 1st day of remission of the disease. RESULTS: Mean platelet volume levels at onset and remission of AP were 7.8 ± 1.6 and 7.7 ± 0.9 respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between these groups. Platelet count at onset and remission of AP and control subjects was 203 ± 74 × 103/µl, 234 ± 76 × 103/µl and 251 ± 87 × 103/µl, respectively, and there was statistically significant difference between these groups. Platelet count at onset and remission of AP was statistically lower than control subjects. CONCLUSION: Some studies in literature suggest that MPV might be a useful parameter to be used as an indicator for AP and a prognostic factor for AP, but, in this study, it was revealed that MPV values do not change at AP compared with controls. Therefore, further prospective studies investigating the factors affecting the platelet size are required to determine whether MPV has a clinical implication and for predictor value of patients with AP.How to cite this article: Kefeli A, Basyigit S, Yeniova AÖ, Küçükazman M, Nazligul Y, Aktas B. Platelet Number and Indexes during Acute Pancreatitis. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014;4(2):67-69.

Lamivudine treatment failure risks in chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load.

AIM: To analyze the risk factors of lamivudine treatment failure (LTF) for the long-term use in patients with low viral load (LVL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this multicenter study, 548 antiviral naïve noncirrhotic adult patients with LVL (for HBeAg+ patients HBV DNA <10 9 copies/ml and for HBeAg­patients HBV DNA <10 7 copies/ml) were enrolled. As a control group, 46 lamivudine-initiated patients with high viral load (HVL) were included. Primary outcome was switching to or adding on another antiviral drug as a consequence of primary nonresponse, partial response, viral breakthrough or adverse events. Secondary outcomes included LTF rates at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years and LTF-related viral and host factors. RESULTS: Among 594 patients, 294 had to change lamivudine at the follow-up. Primary nonresponse, partial response, viral breakthrough or adverse events frequencies were 6.8, 1.6, 64.5 and 0.1%, respectively. Five-year LTF rates were 61.3 and 84.2% in patients with LVL and HVL, respectively. Among patients with LVL, patients with <100,000 copies/ml and ≥ 100,000 copies/ ml had 54.8 and 67.3% LTF rates at the end of the 5th year, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors showed HBeAg+, hepatic activity index, HBV DNA, virological response at 6 months and duration of follow-up were independent predictors for LTF (p values were 0.001, 0.008, 0.003, 0.020 and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Similar to patients with HVL, first-line lamivudine therapy is not efficient for long-term use in patients with LVL. LTF risk is so high even in the absence of worse predictive factors.

Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Data are limited on the efficacy and safety of tenofovir and entecavir when given for more than 1 year to patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. We investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of these antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis, and compared results with those from lamivudine. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 227 adult patients with chronic HBV infection who were diagnosed with cirrhosis, beginning in 2005, at 18 centers throughout Turkey. There were 104 patients who had decompensated cirrhosis, and 197 patients were treatment naive before. Seventy-two patients received tenofovir (followed up for 21.4 ± 9.7 mo), 77 patients received entecavir (followed up for 24.0 ± 13.3 mo), and 74 patients received lamivudine (followed up for 36.5 ± 24.1 mo). We collected data on patient demographics and baseline characteristics. Laboratory test results, clinical outcomes, and drug-related adverse events were compared among groups. RESULTS: Levels of HBV DNA less than 400 copies/mL were achieved in 91.5%, 92.5%, and 77% of patients receiving tenofovir, entecavir, or lamivudine, respectively. Levels of alanine aminotransferase normalized in 86.8%, 92.1%, and 71.8% of patients who received tenofovir, entecavir, and lamivudine, respectively. Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores increased among 8.5% of patients who received tenofovir, 15.6% who received entecavir, and 27.4% who received lamivudine. Frequencies of complications from cirrhosis, including hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality, were similar among groups. Lamivudine had to be changed to another drug for 32.4% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tenofovir and entecavir are effective and safe for long-term use in patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis from HBV infection.

Evaluation of early atherosclerosis markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVES: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the liver cells. It is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerosis. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are noninvasive methods for the evaluation of endothelium. They are considered early markers of atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate early atherosclerosis markers in patients with NAFLD. METHODS: We examined 161 patients. All the patients underwent hepatic ultrasonography, transthoracic echocardiography, and brachial artery and carotid artery imaging. Fasting blood samples were drawn from all patients for the determination of lipids, insulin, C-peptide, and fasting blood glucose. HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS: Among the 161 patients, 44 had normal hepatic ultrasonography, 42 had stage 1 hepatosteatosis, 53 had stage 2 hepatosteatosis and 22 had stage 3 hepatosteatosis. FMD was reduced in patients with NAFLD as compared with the healthy controls (5.9 ± 3.1 vs. 9.6 ± 2.7%, P<0.001). There was a significant negative moderate correlation between ultrasonographic hepatosteatosis grade and FMD (r=-0.556, P<0.001). The mean CIMT was significantly increased in patients with NAFLD as compared with the controls (0.40 ± 0.19 vs. 0.27 ± 0.18, P<0.001). There was a significant positive weak correlation between ultrasonographic hepatosteatosis grade and mean CIMT (r=0.376, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that NAFLD is associated with impaired CIMT and FMD, which are early markers of atherosclerosis. These findings may play a crucial role in understanding the pathophysiology of the atherosclerotic process in patients with NAFLD.

Benign glycogenic acanthosis lesions of the esophagus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Glycogenic acanthosis is described as benign thickening of the esophageal squamous epithelium of unknown etiology. Although its etiology is unknown, it has been reported that glycogenic acanthosis may be related to gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia. The aim of the present study was to review the patients who were diagnosed with glycogenic acanthosis on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and to determine whether there is any association between glycogenic acanthosis and gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 504 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for evaluation of non-ulcer dyspepsia were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Glycogenic acanthosis was detected in 143 (28.3%) of those 504 patients. Of the 143 patients, 82 (57.3%) were male and 61 (42.7%) were female. Patients with glycogenic acanthosis were aged 20-83 years. Gastroesophageal reflux was detected in 50 (34.9%) cases with glycogenic acanthosis, while hiatal hernia was detected in 30 (20.9%) cases. Gastroesophageal reflux was detected in 102 (28.2%) control subjects, while hiatal hernia was detected in 50 (13.8%). Hiatal hernia was significantly higher in glycogenic acanthosis patients than in controls subjects (p<0.05). Glycogenic acanthosis patients had higher gastroesophageal reflux than seen in controls subjects, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that glycogenic acanthosis is primarily an age-related disease. We demonstrated that glycogenic acanthosis may be associated with gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.