ABSTRACT
Aspergillus species exhibit a distinct and clear fluorescence in Papanicolaou-stained cytological samples. The Papanicolaou (PAP) stain enhances the autofluorescence of cultured aspergilli and allows better cytological recognition of the fungus by fluorescence microscopy when it is not easily discerned from its surroundings by light microscopy. Morphological properties can be better distinguished and facilitate the differentiation of aspergillus organisms from other filamentous fungi. Neither light nor fluorescence microscopy, the cytological quality nor the presence of phagocytosed hyphae in alveolar macrophages allow distinction between infection and contamination with Aspergillus species. Only the presence of eosinophilic inflammation permits a tentative diagnosis of an Aspergillus infection. In conclusion, PAP fluorescence reduces the need for special stains, is superior to and quicker than other investigative techniques and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of cytological investigation when a rapid and reliable identification of Aspergillus is needed.