Use of Geographic Information Systems to Explore Associations between Neighborhood Attributes and Mental Health Outcomes in Adults: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Neighborhood attributes are increasingly recognized as factors shaping mental health in adults. Geographic information systems (GIS) offer an innovative approach for quantifying neighborhood attributes and studying their influence on mental health outcomes. Our aim was to describe GIS applications used in neighborhood-related mental health research and how neighborhood attributes are related to depressive symptoms or psychological distress in community-residing adults. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies published in English that included GIS techniques and a validated questionnaire of depressive symptoms or psychological distress. Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, GEOBASE, and Compedex were searched to June 2020. Study quality was assessed by a modification of the Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist for Analytical Cross-sectional Studies. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies varied in definitions of neighborhood and GIS-derived measurements of neighborhood attributes. Neighborhood attributes were significantly associated with mental health outcomes, although findings were not consistent. Moderating factors (e.g., gender, living conditions) significantly influenced depressive symptoms or psychological distress. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood attributes are important factors influencing mental health in adults. Consensus may be needed on how to standardize the neighborhood unit or GIS-derived measures of neighborhoods in order to explain depression or psychological distress in diverse adult populations.

Evaluation of neighborhood resources and mental health in American military Veterans using geographic information systems.

Neighborhood-level social determinants are increasingly recognized as factors shaping mental health in adults. Data-driven informatics methods and geographic information systems (GIS) offer innovative approaches for quantifying neighborhood attributes and studying their influence on mental health. Guided by a modification of Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use framework, this cross-sectional study examined associations of neighborhood resource groups with psychological distress and depressive symptoms in 1,528 U.S. Veterans. Data came from the Veteran Affairs (VA) Health Services Research and Development Proactive Mental Health trial and publicly available sources. Hierarchical clustering based on the proportions of neighborhood resources within walkable distance was used to identify neighborhood resource groups and generalized estimating equations analyzed the association of identified neighborhood resource groups with mental health outcomes. Few resources were found in walkable areas except alcohol and/or tobacco outlets. In clustering analysis, four meaningful neighborhood groups were identified characterized by alcohol and tobacco outlets. Living in an alcohol-permissive and tobacco-restrictive neighborhood was associated with increased psychological distress but not depressive symptoms. Living in urban or rural areas and access to VA care facilities were not associated with either outcome. These findings can be used in developing community-based mental health-promoting interventions and public health policies such as zoning policies to regulate alcohol outlets in neighborhoods. Augmenting community-based services with Veteran-specialized services in neighborhoods where Veterans live provides opportunities for improving their mental health.

Will We Be Ready? Preparing Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses for Future Practice.

OBJECTIVE: To review the challenges and issues facing educators as they prepare the psychiatric-mental health (PMH) nursing workforce to meet the needs of future practice. METHODS: Based on the author's 40-plus-year career as an educator, clinician, and researcher, combined with a review of the literature, this article analyzes the current educational milieu for undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate, and continuing education of PMH nurses, including urgent educational priorities. It also offers recommendations to meet the needs of PMH nurses both in education and in clinical practice. RESULTS: PMH nursing education must evolve to provide nursing experiences in nontraditional as well as traditional clinical settings, and incorporate simulation and telehealth/digital/mobile platforms for delivery of content. Development of qualified faculty members and preceptors who represent the diversity of the American population must be addressed to adequately train PMH nurses to meet the demands of their future roles. Methods must also be created to define, teach, and evaluate PMH nurses' clinical competencies pre- and postclinical experiences. CONCLUSIONS: PMH nursing education must evolve and transform to attract, appropriately educate and prepare students for practice, and meet the growing need for qualified practitioners as well as faculty members and preceptors.

Cognitive Training and Remediation in First-Episode Psychosis: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive and social cognitive impairments are core characteristics of psychotic disorders, which are present in the first episode of psychosis (FEP) and strongly predict poor social functioning. Addressing cognitive impairments through cognitive training and remediation (CTR) may be a crucial component of recovery-oriented treatment. AIMS: The objectives of this review were to (1) evaluate the CTR theoretical basis and intervention components and (2) examine the effects of CTR on cognition and social functioning in FEP. METHOD: A combined search of Ovid Medline, Embase, and Psych Info databases was conducted using keywords. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using established instruments. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were included in this review and had an overall fair to poor quality. CTR interventions in FEP utilize a range of theoretical backgrounds, with most including a focus on higher order cognitive processes. Varied doses and intervention components are used. All but one study found improvements in at least one cognitive domain. Global cognition, verbal learning, and memory and executive function were most commonly improved. Three studies found an effect on a range of functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A broad range of CTR interventions have promising effects for addressing cognitive impairments in FEP. Evidence of functional impact is less consistent. Further research is needed in FEP on CTR targeting sensory and perceptual processes, and to identify CTR intervention targets and treatment components that will lead to robust improvements in cognition and functioning.

Partnering for a Sustainable Interprofessional Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Education Curriculum.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends that health care educators create a collaborative and practice-ready workforce. Focused interprofessional education (IPE) promotes collaborative practice, yet few examples of how to develop sustained IPE and clinical partnerships exist. Mental health care professionals competent in their specialty and prepared for interprofessional collaboration are needed to treat complex mental health needs of patients. METHOD: Doctor of Nursing Practice Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) faculty partnered with College of Pharmacy faculty to create didactic, clinical, and simulation coursework and IPE competencies within PMHNP courses. Students developed skills about providing interprofessional mental health care. RESULTS: Recommendations for faculties include: embrace the value of interprofessional faculty partnerships; plan for time, money, motivation, and recognition needed for sustainable IPE; and design courses that become part of the fabric of the curricula. CONCLUSION: Embedding IPE into PMHNP curricula creates increased faculty satisfaction and positive feedback from students and clinical sites. [J Nurs Educ. 2019;58(12):723-727.].

Certified nursing assistants' perspectives of the CARES® activities of daily living dementia care program.

BACKGROUND: There has been a proliferation of online training programs for nursing home direct care staff related to dementia care, yet little is known about the effectiveness of the training. Some evidence exists that online training is effective in addressing problem behaviors of nursing home residents with dementia by enhancing self-efficacy, improving attitudes, and increasing knowledge of nursing home staff. STUDY AIM: The current study aim was to evaluate the implementation of an online training program consisting of ten, one-hour modules which applies the CARES® concepts and learning framework to activities of daily living (ADL) care for persons with dementia. METHODS: Responses from Likert-type items, and open-ended questions were analyzed in a sample of 48 certified nursing assistants (CNAs) from 10 nursing homes in six states (ME, MT, ND, WI, MN, MO) that were part of a National Institute of Aging funded intervention study (Grant #AG026210). RESULTS: The mixed-method study findings indicated that CNAs gained a better understanding, more knowledge, and more confidence in caring for persons with dementia. Recommendations were made regarding training length and technical issues, and some questioned the practicality of providing person-centered care when resident assignment was very high. CNAs expressed satisfaction with the online training, found it easy to use, and many said they would recommend the training. CARES® ADL Dementia Care online training appears to be a viable way of helping CNAs address the personal care needs of long-term care residents. Future CARES® ADL Dementia Care program research should include more racially diverse CNAs.

Impact of serious mental illness online training for certified nursing assistants in long term care.

Certified nurse assistants (CNAs) spend the most staff time with nursing home residents, yet they receive little training in addressing the mental health needs of residents with serious mental illness (SMI). Forty CNAs from four long-term-care facilities took the online interactive CARES-® Serious Mental Illness™ training consisting of two modules guided by the Recovery Movement philosophy of care. Responses from pre-post testing, Likert-type items, and open-ended questions indicated that CNAs gained information, changed their perspectives, and had more confidence in dealing with SMI. Although there were minor concerns regarding length, clarity of content, and technical issues, CNAs found the online format acceptable and easy to use, and many said they would recommend the training. CARES Serious Mental Illness online training appears to be a viable way of helping CNAs address the mental health needs of long term care residents. Additional testing on CARES Serious Mental Illness is planned.

Effects of the Advanced Innovative Internet-Based Communication Education Program on Promoting Communication Between Nurses and Patients With Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Effective communication between nurses and patients with dementia promotes the quality of patient care by improving the identification of patient needs and by reducing the miscommunication-related frustration of patients and nurses. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the effects of an advanced innovative Internet-based communication education (AIICE) program on nurses' communication knowledge, attitudes, frequency of assessing patient communication capacity, and communication performance in the context of care for patients with dementia. In addition, this study attempts to evaluate the indirect effects of this program on outcomes for patients with dementia, including memory and behavior-related problems and depressive symptoms. METHODS: A quasi-experimental research design with a one-group repeated measure was conducted. Convenience sampling was used to recruit nurses from long-term care facilities in southern Taiwan. Data were analyzed using general estimating equations to compare changes over time across three points: baseline, fourth-week posttest, and 16th-week posttest. One hundred five nurses completed the AIICE program and the posttest surveys. RESULTS: The findings indicate that nurses' communication knowledge, frequency in assessing patients' communication capacity, and communication performance had improved significantly over the baseline by either the 4th- or 16th-week posttest (p < .01). However, communication attitude showed no significant improvement in the posttest survey (p = .40). Furthermore, the findings indicate that the memory and behavior-related problems and the depressive symptoms of patients had decreased significantly by the 16th-week posttest (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study showed that the AIICE program improves nurses' communication knowledge, frequency to assess patients' communication capacity, and communication performance and alleviates the memory and behavior-related problems and depressive symptoms of patients. The continuous communication training of nurses using the AIICE program is thus recommended.

Facilitated Learning to Advance Geriatrics: Increasing the Capacity of Nurse Faculty to Teach Students About Caring for Older Adults.

PURPOSE: The Facilitated Learning to Advance Geriatrics program (FLAG) was designed to increase the numbers of nurse faculty in prelicensure programs with basic knowledge about aging and teaching effectiveness to prepare students to provide safe, high quality care for older adults. METHODS: Using a framework to improve transfer of learning, FLAG was designed to include: (a) a workshop to increase basic knowledge of aging and common geriatric syndromes, and effective use of evidence-based teaching/learning strategies; (b) a year-long mentoring program to support application of workshop learning and leading change in participants' schools to ensure that geriatrics is a priority. Both formative and summative evaluation methods were used, and included self-assessment of objectives, program satisfaction, and teaching self-efficacy. RESULTS: FLAG achieved its overall purpose by enrolling 152 participants from 19 states including 23 faculty from associate degree programs and 102 from baccalaureate programs. Self-rated teaching effectiveness improved significantly from pre- to post-workshop each year. Achievement of learning objectives was rated highly as was satisfaction. Transfer of learning was evidenced by implementation of educational projects in home schools supported by mentoring. IMPLICATIONS: The FLAG program provided opportunities for nurse educators to learn to teach geriatrics more effectively and to transfer learning to their work environment. Future FLAG programs will be offered in a shortened format, incorporating online content and strategies, adding other health professionals to the audience with the same goal of increasing the knowledge and abilities of educators to prepare learners to provide competent care for older adults.

Stress management techniques in the prison setting.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of incarcerated individuals in the United States is currently close to an all time high, and more stressful places than prisons are hard to find. Because registered nurses and advance practice nurses are often the only healthcare providers readily available to prison inmates, nurses need a repertoire of effective strategies to minimize prisoners' stress-related symptoms and behaviors. PURPOSE: The purpose of this critical literature review was to identify the state of knowledge about using stress management techniques (SMTs) in the prison setting for reducing psychological problems and/or behavioral problems in male and female adult prison populations. METHODS: A comprehensive, systematic integrated literature search was performed using multiple relevant databases to identify studies using various SMTs for incarcerated adults. FINDINGS: Although clinical practice recommendations for the use of SMTs in the prison setting cannot be made with strong certainty, nurses working in the prison setting should continue to incorporate muscle relaxation, Transcendental Meditation, and certain Eastern meditative practices in the care of their clients because of the safety and possible positive impacts and practicality these methods have in this setting.

Experience of cognitively intact residents cohabitating with residents with dementia in long-term care facilities.

A qualitative research approach was used to explore the life experience of cognitively intact (CI) residents cohabitating with residents with dementia in mixed placement facilities. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 21 CI residents from 6 long-term care facilities in southern Taiwan. Using a semi-structured interview guide, data were analyzed by content analysis. Two themes emerged: emotional diversity and coping. Emotional diversity described the wide range of responses, both positive and negative, expressed by the participants. Coping referred to the CI residents' ability to adapt to behaviors exhibited by the residents with dementia and the environment. Results of this study provide nurses and other health care providers with an understanding of the life experience of CI residents who live among residents with dementia. An understanding can lead to improved quality of life and positive social interactions among CI residents and those with dementia.

The Faculty Learning About Geriatrics (FLAG) program: bringing together experts in geriatric nursing education.

Strengthening geriatric content in schools of nursing is a key initiative for the Minnesota Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence. The first Faculty Learning About Geriatrics (FLAG) program was implemented in the summer of 2008. Selected nursing faculty from across the Upper Midwest and tribal colleges have successfully completed the FLAG program in the last 2 years. Participants completed a 5-day summer institute at the University of Minnesota and a 1-year mentorship program. The FLAG program is designed to broaden expertise in geriatric nursing through building teaching and academic leadership skills and to increase content knowledge through collaboration with academic and geriatric leaders. This article provides an overview of the educational experience of FLAG participants who have earned the title of FLAG program fellow. The perspectives of the FLAG mentors and fellows are highlighted.

Use of mental health care by community-dwelling older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To examine relationships between perceived need for care, illness characteristics, attitudes toward care, and probability that older adults will use mental health care (MHC). DESIGN: Secondary data analysis. SETTING: The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001-2003). PARTICIPANTS: One thousand six hundred eighty-one community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported MHC use and perceived need for care in the previous 12 months, previous year and history of mental illness, history of physical illness, attitudes toward care, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Of the entire sample, 6.5% had received some type of MHC in the previous year, although 65.9% of those with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 72.5% with anxiety did not receive MHC. In respondents with previous-year depression or anxiety, use was less likely for those with low World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHO-DAS) self-care ability. Use was more likely for those with more chronic physical conditions and worse WHO-DAS cognitive capacity. Seventeen percent of those with perceived need for MHC did not receive it. In respondents with perceived need, subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder was associated with lower likelihood of use. Use was more likely for older respondents and those with more household members, at least a high school education, and better self-care ability. Forty-one percent of those who perceived a need for care but did not use it met previous-year diagnostic criteria for anxiety, and 17% met criteria for MDD. CONCLUSION: Understanding the perceptions that underlie individuals' health care-seeking behavior is an important step toward reducing underuse of MHC by older adults.

Teaching the teacher: the Faculty Learning About Geriatrics (FLAG) program.

As the number of individuals older than 65 years increases, there is a concomitant need for more nurses to provide care meeting the unique needs of older adults. The nursing shortage presents a challenge to schools of nursing to educate enough practitioners in geriatric nursing. The John A. Hartford Foundation Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence at the University of Minnesota has developed a program to prepare nurse faculty to meet this challenge. The program, Faculty Learning About Geriatrics (FLAG), is designed to develop expertise in geriatric nursing, teaching, and academic leadership among faculty from academic settings in the upper Midwest and tribal colleges. This article chronicles the authors' experience in designing, implementing, and evaluating the first year of the FLAG program.

Perceived need for mental health care among community-dwelling older adults.

Only half of older adults with a mental disorder use mental health services, and little is known about the causes of perceived need for mental health care (MHC). We used logistic regression to examine relationships among depression, anxiety, chronic physical illness, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, sociodemographics, and perceived need among a national sample of community-dwelling individuals 65 years of age and older (the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys data set). Less than half of respondents with depression or anxiety perceived a need for care. Perceived need was greater for respondents with more symptoms of depression regardless of whether they met diagnostic criteria for a mental illness. History of chronic physical conditions, history of depression or anxiety, and more severe mental illness were associated with greater perceived need for MHC. Future studies of perceived need should account for individual perceptions of mental illness and treatment and the influence of social networks.