Effect of the Formation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Associates on the Behavior of Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone with Methyl Acrylate in Aqueous Solutions.

It has been shown that there exist conditions under which thermosensitive copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone with methyl acrylate form hydrophobic-hydrophilic associations, which are unstable dynamic meshes, the bonds in which are continuously broken and created again, and the nature of the formation of such meshes depends significantly on the proportion of the hydrophobic component in the copolymer. It is shown that the interaction of the above copolymers with polyacrylic acid results in the formation of not only classical interpolymer complexes, but also hydrophilic interpolymer associates, which also represent unstable networks existing in a dynamic mode. In such meshes, the molecules of the above copolymers serve as a kind of cross-agent connecting the polyacid molecules. There are also conditions under which such meshes acquire a complex structure, since unstable bonds between macromolecular tangles of both the same and different types take part in their formation. It is shown that the transition from the formation of interpolymer complexes to the formation of hydrophilic interpolymer associates can occur, among other things, due to changes in the acidity or concentration of low-molecular salt in solution.

Improving the efficiency of using multivalued logic tools: application of algebraic rings.

It is shown that in order to increase the efficiency of using methods of abstract algebra in modern information technologies, it is important to establish an explicit connection between operations corresponding to various varieties of multivalued logics and algebraic operations. For multivalued logics, the number of variables in which is equal to a prime number, such a connection is naturally established through explicit algebraic expressions in Galois fields. It is possible to define an algebraic δ-function, which allows you to reduce any truth table to an algebraic expression, for the case when the number of values accepted by a multivalued logic variable is equal to an integer power of a prime number. In this paper, we show that the algebraic δ-function can also be defined for the case when the number of values taken by a multivalued logic variable is p - 1, where p is a prime number. This function also allows to reduce logical operations to algebraic expressions. Specific examples of the constructiveness of the proposed approach are presented, as well as electronic circuits that experimentally prove its adequacy.

Formation of Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Associates in the N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Vinyl Propyl Ether Copolymer Aqueous Solutions.

Utilizing turbidimetry data, an examination is conducted on the behavior of solutions containing N-vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl propyl ether copolymer within a temperature range coinciding with the occurrence of a phase transition. The investigation reveals that within specific conditions prevailing in this domain, the emergence of entities denoted as hydrophobic-hydrophilic associates is conceivable. These entities are characterized by the presence of a relatively dense core, upheld by hydrophobic interplays, and they are proficient in effectively dispersing irradiation within the optical spectrum. Encircling this core is a hydrophilic periphery that impedes the formation of insoluble precipitates. The development of such associates transpires when hydrophobic interactions have attained a discernible prominence, although they remain inadequate to counteract the forces that drive the expansion of macromolecular coils. Under these circumstances, the energetically favored course of action entails the constitution of a core for the aforementioned associates, involving discrete segments from diverse macromolecules. Notably, the introduction of an additional constituent (ethanol) to the solution, which selectively mitigates hydrophobic interactions, serves to stabilize the hydrophobic-hydrophilic associations.

Improving the efficiency of using multivalued logic tools.

Multivalued logics are becoming one of the most important tools of information technology. They are in great demand for creation of artificial intelligence systems that are close to human intelligence, since the functioning of the latter cannot be reduced to the operations of binary logic. At the same time, the problem of improving the efficiency of using the results of research in multivalued logics, as well as the problem of interpreting variables of multivalued logic, is acute. These problems create certain interdisciplinary barriers and make it difficult to implement the results of research in the field of multivalued logics in other fields of knowledge. It is shown that the problem of interpreting multivalued logic variables can be removed by establishing correspondence with fuzzy logic variables. Improving the efficiency of using of operations of multivalued logics and their variables can be provided by using their close connection to Galois fields. This connection, among other things, makes it possible to reduce any operations of multivalued logics, the number of variables in which is equal to a prime number, to algebraic functions whose arguments take values in Galois fields. This allows, among other things, to eliminate the very cumbersome constructions used in works on multivalued logic and make its apparatus convenient for use in related scientific disciplines in information technology. Direct verification of the adequacy of algorithms based on the use of Galois fields can be carried out by means of radio-electronic circuits, examples of which are presented in the present paper.