ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine potential correlates of overweight and weight-loss practices in Missouri. METHODS: Two probability surveys (n=3,010) were used to investigate the associations of sociodemographic and health-related factors with overweight and attempting, exercising, dieting, and desiring to lose weight. RESULTS: Race, gender, and receiving professional advice were strongly associated with being overweight. Gender, receiving professional advice, and leisure-time physical activity were positively associated with attempting and desiring to lose weight. CONCLUSIONS: Public health programs can utilize this knowledge to reduce the prevalence of overweight by encouraging professional advice and promoting regular exercise.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Health Behavior/ethnology , Obesity/ethnology , Weight Loss , White People/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Black or African American/psychology , Aged , Diet, Reducing , Exercise , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Missouri/epidemiology , Obesity/rehabilitation , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , United States , White People/psychologyABSTRACT
Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU), a model of uveitis induced by sensitization to melanin associated antigen (MAA) derived from the iris and ciliary body, closely resembles human acute anterior uveitis. The immunopathogenesis of EAAU was studied by immunohistochemical detection of immune cells and the expression of Ia, ICAM-1 and LFA-1 antigens. Male Lewis rats were immunized with bovine MAA, mixed with CFA and pertussis toxin in the hind foot pad. Animals were examined daily by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and serially sacrificed up to 30 days. Immunohistology of the enucleated eyes was performed with monoclonal antibodies W3/25 (CD4), OX-8 (CD8), ED2 (macrophage), OX-33 (B cell), OX-6 (Ia), IA29 (ICAM-1) and WT.1 (LFA-1). During each stage of EAAU, CD4+ T cells predominated over both CD8+ T cells and macrophages in the uvea. Very few B cells were detected during each stage of EAAU. EAAU could not be induced by the adoptive transfer of sera obtained from immunized animals. Low levels of constitutive ICAM-1 and Ia were observed. An increase in ICAM-1 expression was first noted on the epithelial cells of the uveal tract and RPE on day 9 post immunization and preceded LFA-1 and Ia upregulation by approximately 2 days. The immunopathogenesis of EAAU appears to be linked to the presence of the CD4+ T cells.
Subject(s)
Antigens/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Melanins/immunology , Uveitis, Anterior/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism , Autoimmune Diseases/pathology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cattle , Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis , Immunization , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Immunotherapy, Adoptive , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis , Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/biosynthesis , Macrophages/immunology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Uveitis, Anterior/metabolism , Uveitis, Anterior/pathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate an animal model of uveitis that resembles anterior uveitis in humans after immunization with iris-ciliary body antigen. METHODS: Male Lewis rats 6 to 8 weeks of age were immunized with the buffer- and detergent-insoluble bovine iris-ciliary body antigen mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin. Antigen was digested with various proteolytic enzymes and tested in different rodent strains for a uveitogenic response. RESULTS: Acute iridocyclitis developed in both eyes of the Lewis rat during the second week after immunization, and the pattern of inflammation was similar to acute anterior uveitis in humans, with sudden onset, localization to the anterior uvea, and spontaneous resolution. Among the strains tested, F344 rats were susceptible to experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis but Long-Evans rats were not. Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis did not develop in any of the mice studied, nor was it induced by immunization with synthetic melanin, amelanotic bovine tissues, pigmented bovine skin, or pigmented rat and rabbit iris-ciliary body. A soluble fraction derived from bovine melanin-associated antigen (BMAA) after digestion with the proteolytic enzyme V8 protease resulted in a disease similar to that observed with intact BMAA. CONCLUSIONS: A model of anterior uveitis has been induced in the Lewis rat after immunization with bovine uveal antigen, and it resembles the acute iridocyclitis observed in humans. These results suggest that the pathogenic antigen is a melanin-associated protein(s) present within the iris-ciliary body.
