Expression of Cyclin D1 in Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder and its Association with Tumour Grade.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common malignancy of urinary bladder. It is the 9th leading cause of death worldwide and second most common genitourinary malignancy among male. Incidence is increasing in developing countries like Bangladesh. About 80% of patients are found between 50 to 80 years of age. It is 3-4 times more common in male than in female. Determination of therapeutic strategy and prediction of progression of urothelial carcinoma is a major clinical challenge. Treatment of urothelial carcinoma still now mostly depends on pathological stages. Amplification or genomic alteration of Cyclin D1 (a proto-oncogene) may cause protein overexpression which is frequently realized as a clonal pathology in various human neoplasms including bladder cancer. Evaluation of Cyclin D1 expression is promising for guiding therapeutic strategies, risk stratification and prediction of tumor progression. The aim of the study was to determine the expression of Cyclin D1 in urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder and its association with tumour grade. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2021. Histomorphologically diagnosed 51 urothelial carcinomas were included. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunostaining with Cyclin D1 antibody was also done. Relevant information was collected and recorded in a predesigned data sheet. Statistical analysis was carried out as required. Mean age ±SD was 57.8±10.55 years. Male female ratio was 4.6:1. In this study 39(76.5%) patients were smoker. Regarding clinical presentations 36(70.6%) patients presented with painless hematuria alone. Lateral wall (64.7%) was the most frequent tumor location. Among 51 cases, 38(74.5%) cases were high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and 13(25.5%) cases were low grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC). Considering Cyclin D1 expression, most of the LGUC cases showed high level of expression by both percentage (84.6%) and intensity (84.6%). Most of the HGUC cases showed low level of expression by both percentage (63.2%) and intensity (60.5%). Cyclin D1 showed significant inverse association with HGUC (p<0.05). In urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder, Cyclin D1 expression was decreased with increasing grade of the tumor. Cyclin D1 expression was inversely associated with tumour grade.

Distinct fate, dynamics and niches of renal macrophages of bone marrow or embryonic origins.

Renal macrophages (RMs) participate in tissue homeostasis, inflammation and repair. RMs consist of embryo-derived (EMRMs) and bone marrow-derived RMs (BMRMs), but the fate, dynamics, replenishment, functions and metabolic states of these two RM populations remain unclear. Here we investigate and characterize RMs at different ages by conditionally labeling and ablating RMs populations in several transgenic lines. We find that RMs expand and mature in parallel with renal growth after birth, and are mainly derived from fetal liver monocytes before birth, but self-maintain through adulthood with contribution from peripheral monocytes. Moreover, after the RMs niche is emptied, peripheral monocytes rapidly differentiate into BMRMs, with the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 signaling axis being essential for the maintenance and regeneration of both EMRMs and BMRMs. Lastly, we show that EMRMs have a higher capacity for scavenging immune complex, and are more sensitive to immune challenge than BMRMs, with this difference associated with their distinct glycolytic capacities.

Cluster analysis of behavioural weight management strategies and associations with weight change in young women: a longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Maintaining a healthy weight is important for the prevention of many chronic diseases. Little is known about the strategies used by young women to manage their weight, or the effectiveness of these in preventing weight gain. We aimed to identify clusters of weight control strategies used by women and to determine the average annual weight change among women in each cluster from 2000 to 2009. METHODS: Latent cluster analysis of weight control strategies reported by 8125 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health. Analyses were performed in March-November 2014. RESULTS: Weight control strategies were used by 79% of the women, and four unique clusters were found. The largest cluster group (39.7%) was named dieters as 90% had been on a diet in the past year, and half of these women had lost 5 kg on purpose. Women cut down on size of meals, fats and sugars and took part in vigorous physical activity. Additionally 20% had used a commercial programme. The next largest cluster (30.2%) was the healthy living group who followed the public health messages of 'eat less and move more'. The do nothing group (20%) did not actively control their weight whereas the perpetual dieters group (10.7%) used all strategies, including unhealthy behaviours. On average women gained 700 g per year (over 9 years); however, the perpetual dieters group gained significantly more weight (210 g) than the do nothing group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most women are actively trying to control their weight. The most successful approach was to follow the public health guidelines on health eating and physical activity.

Developing an instrument-independent algorithm for Raman spectroscopy: a case of cancer detection.

One of the problems in the use of Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection in clinical application is the variety of Raman instruments, producing different spectra for the same sample, due to the nature of the measurement system. This prevents the measured spectra from different systems to be compared against one another without appropriate tools and techniques. Therefore, for each instrument one needs to spend considerable amount of time to prepare a set of reference data based on which the future measurements to be interpreted. For early diagnosis of cancer by Raman spectroscopy, there is a need for an algorithm by which such diagnosis can be made by any type of Raman instrument giving rise to the same findings. In the present study we have investigated the detection of breast cancer in three classes of breast samples (normal, benign and cancer) using three different Raman instruments (Almega, Bruker and R3000) to develop an algorithm that, irrespective of the type of Raman instrument, can be applied to the spectra to extract the features necessary to arrive at the same diagnosis. In doing so, we employed different pre-processing methods to eliminate the instrument-dependent effects on the spectra enabling us to fuse such spectra obtained from different instruments. Then, we classified the data using support vector machine (SVM) and multi-layer perception (MLP) to assess the degree to which the employed methods have been able to detect cancer. The results of the study showed that the range and resolution matching using spline interpolation, and noise and fluorescence elimination using wavelet and SNV normalizations were the most sensitive and accurate procedures for eliminating the instrumental specification-based effects and fusing the data from different instruments.

Histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in different hospitals of Dhaka City.

Nephrotic syndrome in children is a clinical manifestation of different histopathological subtypes of glomerulopathies. There is a paucity of studies about the histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in our country. A cross sectional study was carried out from July 2005 to June 2007 with the aim to see the pattern of glomerulonephritis in renal biopsy samples of childhood nephrotic syndrome along with types of immune deposition. Thirty paediatric patients with their relevant clinical history and renal biopsy were evaluated by light microscopic study and by immunofluorescence microscopy. Mesangial-proliferative glomerulonephritis was found to be the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome followed by minimal change disease in the present study. IgM was found to be the most frequent form of immune deposition in case of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.