Surface topography, structural, optical and dc electrical behaviors of pristine and Co-doped ZnS thin films.

The prime goal of the present research is to synthesize pristine zinc sulfide (PZS) and cobalt (Co)-doped zinc sulfide (CDZS) thin films with different doping concentrations (DC) via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of Co-doping on the surface topography, structural, optical and dc-electrical behaviors of PZS thin films has been ascertained. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibited nearly sphere-shaped agglomerates of grains dispersed throughout the surface with cracks in PZS thin film whereas cracks were absent in CDZS. Atomic force microscopy image displayed smooth surface of CDZS thin film with evenly dispersed small grains. The hexagonal wurtzite structure of PZS and CDZS thin films with varied X-ray diffraction (XRD) parameters was confirmed via XRD analysis. Optical investigation revealed that the optical direct band gap energy increased with decreasing DC from 12 % to 4 %. Alteration of other optical parameters namely absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant, etc. with DC was also discussed. Direct current electrical investigation revealed that the current-voltage characteristics are linear for all thin films signifying that the electrical conduction in CDZS is ohmic in nature.

Recycled Household Ash in Rice Paddies of Bangladesh for Sustainable Production of Rice Without Altering Grain Arsenic and Cadmium.

In Bangladesh most agronomic biomass (straw, husk, dried dung) is burnt for domestic cooking use. Consequently, the soil is continuously stripped of mineral nutrients and carbon (C) substrate. Here we investigate if recycling of household ash (ash) as fertilizer can sustainably improve soil fertility as well as minimise accumulation of toxic elements (As, Cd) in rice grain. Large scale field trials across two geographic regions (Barind, Madhupur) and two seasons (wet, dry) and with application of 3 fertiliser treatments (NPKS, ash, NPKS + ash) were conducted. At the end of each season, the impact of region*season*treatment on soil microbial comunities, rice yield, and grain quality (As, Cd, nutrient elements) was assessed. When compared to conventional field application rates of NPKS (control), application of ash boosted rice yield by circa. 20% in both regions during wet and dry season, with no effect on rice grain carcinogenic inorganic arsenic (iAs), dimethylarsonic acid (DMA) or cadmium (Cd), but with potential to increase zinc (Zn). For soil microbial communities, a significant region and season effect as well as correlation with elements in rice grain was observed, amongst these Cd, Zn, iAs and DMA. This study illustrates that application of ash can reduce the requirement for expensive chemical fertiliser, whilst at the same time increasing rice yield and maintaining grain quality, making farming in Bangladesh more sustainable and productive. The study also implies that the combined impact of region, season, and soil microbes determines accumulation of elements in rice grain. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00539-y.

Internet addiction, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms are associated with the risk of eating disorders among university students in Bangladesh.

The risk of developing an eating disorder among university students is higher than the general population in Bangladesh. Since psychiatric disorders (such as depression and anxiety) and addictive behaviors (e.g., internet addiction) predominantly exist among university students in the country, these may increase their vulnerability to developing an eating disorder. The association of internet addiction, depression, and anxiety with the risk of eating disorders among Bangladeshi university students is relatively unknown; therefore, this study investigates the association. This study was a cross-sectional design. Students (N = 700) from two public universities in Bangladesh completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) tool, and Orman's Internet Addiction Survey (OIAS) to measure exposure variables. Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) assessed the outcome variable. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that internet addiction [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for moderate addiction = 2.15 and severe addiction = 3.95], depressive (aOR 3.04), and anxiety (aOR 2.06) symptoms were associated with an increased risk of eating disorder among study participants. Future longitudinal studies on university students are recommended to gain a better understanding about the causal factors of eating disorder to support intervention initiatives and strategies by public health practitioners and policy experts.

Association of workplace bullying and burnout with nurses' suicidal ideation in Bangladesh.

Suicidal ideation is a complex phenomenon influenced by several predisposing, contextual, and mediating factors that seem more common among healthcare workers, especially nurses. We investigated the association of bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation among Bangladeshi nurses and identified the associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1264 nurses in Bangladesh between February 2021 and July 2021. We applied a modified Poisson regression model with robust error variance to determine the association of bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation. Among 1264 nurses, the female was 882 (70.02%), and the mean age was 28.41 (SD = 5.54) years. The prevalence of high levels of suicidal ideation was 13.26%. In the Poison regression model, high risk bullying (RR = 6.22, 95% CI 3.13-12.38), targeted to bullying (RR = 7.61, 95% CI 3.53-16.38), and burnout (RR = 8.95, 95% CI 2.84-28.20) were found to be significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Furthermore, we found significant interaction between workplace bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation (p < 0.05). The high prevalence of bullying, burnout, suicidal ideation, and their association indicate an unsafe workplace for the nurses. Initiatives are needed to make a favorable work environment to improve nurses' overall mental health and reduce suicide ideation.

Correction: Voltammetric pH sensor based on electrochemically modified pseudo-graphite.

Correction for 'Voltammetric pH sensor based on electrochemically modified pseudo-graphite' by Haoyu Zhu et al., Analyst, 2020, 145, 7252-7259, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AN01405B.

Prevalence and risk factors of physical and psychological health among readymade garment workers in Bangladesh.

Objective. Poor health outcomes of Bangladeshi readymade garment (RMG) workers tend to be associated with a variety of occupational factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, the physical and psychological health outcomes of Bangladeshi RMG workers. Methods. Responses to a cross-sectional survey from a convenience sample of 411 adult Bangladeshi RMG workers (mean age = 26.24 years; SD 6.40 years; female = 80%) were analysed using bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression models) analyses. Results. More than half of the participants reported headaches (61.6%) and colds/flu (51.3%), followed by fever (37.2%), diarrhoea (32.8%), bodily pain (29.9%) and respiratory infections (20.9%). For psychological health, stress (69.1%), anxiety (66.2%) and boredom (64.5%) were most prevalent, followed by sleeplessness (51.3%), depression (48.2%) and fear (34.3%). RMG workers from the factories located in Chattogram (a peripheral region compared to Dhaka) reported poorer physical and psychological health outcomes than those working in factories in Dhaka (the capital city of Bangladesh). Overall, compared to males, female RMG workers were more likely to be vulnerable to both physical and psychological health outcomes. Conclusion. Improvement in workplace conditions and safety programmes is needed to safeguard the overall health outcomes of Bangladeshi RMG workers.

Preventative health assessments and indigenous people of Australia: a scoping review.

Given that Indigenous populations globally are impacted by similar colonial global legacies, their health and other disaprities are usually worse than non-indigenous people. Indigenous peoples of Australia have been seriously impacted by colonial legacies and as a result, their health has negatively been affected. If Indigenous health and wellbeing are to be promoted within the existing Australian health services, a clear understanding of what preventive health means for Indigenous peoples is needed. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the available literature on the uptake/engagement in health assessments or health checks by Indigenous Australian peoples and to determine the enablers and barriers and of health assessment/check uptake/engagement. Specifically, we aimed to: investigate the available evidence reporting the uptake/engagement of health checks/assessments for Australian Indigenous; assess the quality of the available evidence on indigenous health checks/assessments; and identify the enablers or barriers affecting Indigenous persons' engagement and access to health assessment/health checks. A systematic search of online databases (such as Cinhl, Scopus, ProQuest health and medicine, PubMed, informit, google scholar and google) identified 10 eligible publications on Indigenous preventive health assessments. Reflexive thematic analysis identified three major themes on preventive health assessments: (1) uptake/engagement; (2) benefits and limitations; and (3) enablers and barriers. Findings revealed that Indigenous peoples' uptake and/or engagement in health assessments/check is a holistic concept varied by cultural factors, gender identity, geographical locations (living in regional and remote areas), and Indigenous clinical leadership/staff's motivational capacity. Overall, the results indicate that there has been improving rates of uptake of health assessments by some sections of Indigenous communities. However, there is clearly room for improvement, both for aboriginal men and women and those living in regional and remote areas. In addition, barriers to uptake of health asessments were identified as length of time required for the assessment, intrusive or sensitive questions and shame, and lack of access to health services for some. Indigenous clinical leadership is needed to improve services and encourage Indigenous people to participate in routine health assessments.

The Association of Carotid Plaque Size, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Resistive Index, and Pulsatility Index With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Carotid atherosclerosis is an important etiological factor for ischemic stroke. Early carotid lesion detection may prevent further strokes. Doppler ultrasound measures carotid artery blood flow, intima-media thickness, stenosis, plaques, and lumen and wall changes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the association of carotid plaque size (CPS), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), resistive index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) with acute ischemic stroke. METHODOLOGY: A total of 60 participants were taken, including 30 cases and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients with acute ischemic stroke were included as cases and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were included as controls. A carotid duplex study was done in both groups, and the findings were compared. RESULTS: The mean age of the ischemic stroke cases was 63.33±10.79 years; more than half were aged >60 years. Male patients were 73.3% and female patients were 26.7% of the cases. Age and gender were statistically similar (p>0.05) in groups (cases and controls). The plaques were homogenous in 30% of patients, calcified in 26.7%, and mixed in 6.7%. About 36.6% of patients did not have any plaque. CPS was greater among cases than controls in the right and left internal and left common carotid arteries; however, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean CIMT was 0.79±0.10 mm on the right side and 0.90±0.17 mm on the left side among cases. CIMT was significantly higher in the cases group than in the controls (p<0.05). The mean RI was significantly greater in the left common carotid artery (CCA) among the cases than in the controls (p<0.05). Patients aged over 60 years had significantly higher RI and PI values in the left internal carotid artery (ICA) compared to the younger cases (p<0.05). Smoking history had a significant association with left CCA RI and PI values (p<0.05). However, RI, PI, CPS, and CIMT among cases were similar in different groups like diabetic, non-diabetic, hypertensive, and non-hypertensive patients (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: CIMT was significantly thicker among the patients with ischemic stroke compared to the control group. RI in the left CCA was significantly greater among the stroke patients than in the control group. The age of the patient and smoking habit had an association with RI and PI values. Most of the parameters were found to be significant on the left side, suggesting carotid atherosclerosis may not be symmetrical. A large-scale further study is needed to see the association of these variables with ischemic stroke patients.

Acute Vaccine-Related Encephalopathy and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Series From Bangladesh.

There are several reported cases of various neurological adverse effects following the COVID-19 vaccination globally. Acute vaccine-related encephalopathy and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are included among them. Here we are reporting three cases of ADEM and one case of acute vaccine-related encephalopathy from Bangladesh, which have a possible association with COVID-19 vaccines. All three ADEM cases were elderly; two cases developed symptoms after receiving the second dose of the Sinopharm vaccine, and another case after receiving the second dose of the Sinovac vaccine. We have treated another case of acute vaccine-related encephalopathy following receiving the Moderna vaccine. The patients had features of encephalopathy, including altered consciousness and convulsions. The ADEM cases had MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) brain findings suggestive of ADEM. The other case had normal MRI findings. All the cases were treated with intravenous corticosteroids with full recovery, except for one ADEM patient, who developed aspiration pneumonia and died. Though it is not possible to conclude that COVID-19 vaccination is the causative agent behind these cases, this case series will help to increase awareness regarding the early detection and treatment of these serious adverse effects.

Qualitative research in suicidology: a systematic review of the literature of low-and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is more prevalent among disadvantaged, discriminated, and marginalised people with the majority of global suicide deaths occurring in the low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This can be attributed to sociocultural contexts and exacerbated by access to limited resources and services that can assist with early identification, treatment, and support. Accurate information on the personal experiences of suicide is lacking, as many LMICs legislate that suicide is illegal. METHODS: This study aims to review the qualitative literature to explore the experiences of suicide in LMICs from the first-person perspective. Following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines, the search for qualitative literature published between January 2010 and December 2021 was undertaken. A total number of 110 qualitative articles from 2569 primary studies met the inclusion criteria. Included records were appraised, extracted, and synthesised. RESULTS: The results provide lived experience insight into suicide from those living in LMICs, including understanding variations of the causes of suicides, the impacts on others exposed to suicide, existing support systems, and prevention measures to reduce suicide among LMICs. The study offers a contemporaryunderstanding of how people in LMIC experience suicide. CONCLUSIONS: The findings and recommendations are derived from the similarities and differences within the existing knowledge base that is dominated by evidence from high-income countries. Timely suggestions for future researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers are provided.

A Case of Swallowing Apraxia Due to Acute Infarct in the Right Precentral Gyrus.

Swallowing apraxia is an intriguing type of apraxia where the patient cannot swallow despite normal neurological examinations including motor, sensory and cerebellar function. In this case report, we present a 60-year-old hypertensive male with swallowing apraxia. There was no attempt to swallow when food materials were given inside his mouth. Although he had normal examination findings including intact lip, tongue, palatal movement, and gag reflex. His cognition was also intact, as he could follow simple commands accurately. Except for a small infarct in the right precentral gyrus in the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of the brain, his investigation findings were normal. We treated him with nasogastric feeding, and he gradually recovered over a month. Clinicians should consider swallowing apraxia as one of the clinical features of stroke when patients present with acute onset of swallowing problems. This case report is believed to increase awareness regarding this condition and add valuable information to relevant further studies.

Recognizing Rohingya adolescent girls' menstrual hygiene in Bangladesh to enhance reproductive health: a commentary.

The Rohingya, an ethnic minority group in Myanmar, have been subjected to decades of persecution and violence, forcing them to flee to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh. The correspondence recognizes Rohingya adolescent girls' menstrual hygiene in Bangladesh to enhance reproductive health. Adolescent girls make up 52% of the Rohingya population in the Cox's Bazar region's refugee camps, and there are few resources to help them manage their menstrual hygiene, posing significant health risks. Inadequate menstrual hygiene can result in sexual and urinary tract infections, infertility, and pregnancy complications. Most of the adolescent girls had poor menstrual hygiene practices. Unfortunately, only 10.89% of Rohingya girls wear underwear without disposable sanitary pads, and 17.82% use disposable sanitary pads. Furthermore, 67% of Rohingya girls do not have access to proper menstrual healthcare. Bangladeshi girls, on the other hand, have better access to menstrual hygiene products and have more good practices. There is a need to develop menstrual hygiene-friendly infrastructure as well as menstrual hygiene understanding and practices among the Rohingya. Authorities can help improve the current situation and promote healthy menstrual hygiene practices among Rohingya girls by implementing specific requirements, such as ensuring menstrual hygiene products.

Antibiotics administration without prescription in Bangladesh.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge. Therefore, adhering to proper antibiotic administration protocols is essential to mitigating the problem. This study investigated the prevalence, and factors associated with, antibiotics administration without prescription by registered doctors in Bangladesh. Method: This cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1102 adults. The outcome variable was antibiotics administration without prescription. The exploratory variables included the those relating to sociodemographics, attitudes, and knowledge (antibiotic-treatable diseases, types of disease specification, and antimicrobial drugs specifications). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of antibiotics administration without prescription was found to be 37.02%. Age was significantly associated with the administration of antibiotics without prescription. Those who had taken antibiotics in the previous 2 months reported a significantly higher prevalence of antibiotics administration without prescription. The participants' attitudes toward antibiotics and knowledge of antibiotic-treatable diseases, types of disease, and antimicrobial drugs were significantly associated with antibiotics administration without prescription. Conclusion: These findings may assist in facilitating relevant initiatives to improve the magnitude of antibiotics utilization without prescription, and mitigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh.

Impact of workplace bullying and burnout on job satisfaction among Bangladeshi nurses: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Job satisfaction is one of the most important but least researched issues in the nursing profession in Bangladesh. This study aimed to investigate how workplace bullying and burnout are related to job satisfaction, as well as determine the factors that are associated with job satisfaction among Bangladeshi nurses. Methods: Data were collected from Bangladeshi registered nurses between February 26, 2021, and July 10, 2021, in this cross-sectional study. Bullying, burnout, and job satisfaction were measured with the Short Negative Acts Questionnaire [S-NAQ], the Burnout Measure-Short version (BMS), and the Short Index of Job Satisfaction (SIJS-5), respectively. The correlations between age, bullying, burnout, and job satisfaction were assessed using a Pearson's correlation test. In order to investigate the adjusted association of demographic characteristics, occupational variables, bullying, and burnout with job satisfaction, multiple linear regression models were fitted. Results: The study included 1,264 nurses (70.02% were female) with a mean age of 28.41 (±5.54) years. Job satisfaction was significantly negatively correlated with bullying and burnout (p < 0.001). According to the multiple linear regression models, the private-employed nurses had lower job satisfaction than the government-employed nurses (ß = -0.901, CI: -1.640 to -0.162). Compared to the nurses in the Dhaka division, the nurses in the Chattogram division (ß = 0.854, CI: 0.099 to 1.609) and other divisions (ß = 0.993, CI: 0.273 to 1.713) had higher job satisfaction. Nurses without sufficient equipment to manage patients (ß = -1.230, CI: -1.696 to -0.763), and nurses not paid on time (ß = -1.475, CI: -2.221 to -0.729) were predicted to have significantly lower job satisfaction. Nurses' job satisfaction levels were decreased with higher levels of workplace bullying (ß = -0.086, CI: -0.120 to -0.053), and burnout (ß = -1.040, CI: -1.242 to -0.838). Conclusions: Nurses' job satisfaction was correlated with workplace bullying and burnout. Moreover, insufficient professional support from the authorities predicted nurses' job satisfaction. Reducing the instances of bullying and burnout among nurses, as well as improving their working environment, are essential to increase job satisfaction. This is possible with the support of hospital management, policymakers, and government authorities.

Workplace violence against Bangladeshi registered nurses: A survey following a year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of workplace violence and its associated factors among Bangladeshi registered nurses. BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is prevalent among nurses, particularly in developing countries. However, the issue has never been examined in Bangladeshi nurses. METHODS: Between February 26 and July 10, 2021, this cross-sectional survey involving 1264 registered nurses was conducted. Workplace violence was determined by the Workplace Violence Scale (WVS). A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to find the factors associated with workplace violence. This study complies with the EQUATOR (STROBE) checklist. RESULTS: Of the 1264 nurses, 885 (70%) nurses reported being exposed to workplace violence in the previous year. Three hundred twenty-four (324; 25.6%) nurses reported physical violence, whereas 902 (71.4%) nurses reported nonphysical violence. According to the multivariable logistic regression model, male nurses, nurses in the Sylhet division, emergency department nurses, nurses working extended hours, and non trained nurses to tackle workplace violence were prone to physical violence. Furthermore, public hospital nurses and non trained nurses to tackle workplace violence were more likely to be exposed to nonphysical violence. Nurses who had not been exposed to workplace violence were satisfied with their current job, but those who had been exposed to workplace violence were dissatisfied and intended to leave their current job. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: High prevalence of workplace violence underscores nurses' current working conditions, which are particularly poor in public hospitals and emergency departments. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic put unprecedented pressure on the whole healthcare system and caused various difficulties for healthcare workers. To develop a zero-violence practice environment, health authorities should implement policy-level interventions. Healthcare staff should be guided to deal more successfully with patients and coworkers to create a positive working environment.

Microstructures, mechanical and corrosion properties of graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced zinc matrix composites for implant applications.

Zinc (Zn)-based alloys and composites are gaining increasing interest as promising biodegradable implant materials due to their appropriate biodegradation rates and biological functionalities. However, the inadequate mechanical strength and ductility of pure Zn have restricted its application. In this study, Zn matrix composites (ZMCs) reinforced with 0.1-0.4 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) fabricated via powder metallurgy were investigated as potential biodegradable implant materials. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviors of the GNP-reinforced ZMCs were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, compression testing, and electrochemical and immersion testing in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). The microstructural study revealed that the GNP was uniformly dispersed in the ZMCs after ball milling and sintering at 420°C for 6 h. The microhardness, compressive yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and compressive strain of the ZMC-0.2GNP were 69 HV, 123 MPa, 247 MPa, and 23 %, respectively, improvements of ∼ 18 %, 50%, ∼ 28%, and ∼ 15% compared to pure Zn. The corrosion rate of the ZMCs were lower than that of the pure Zn in HBSS, and the ZMC-0.2GNP composite exhibited the lowest corrosion rate of 0.09 mm/y as measured by electrochemical testing. Biocompatibility assessment indicated that the diluted extracts of pure Zn and GNP-reinforced ZMCs with concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% exhibited no cytotoxicity after cell culturing for up to 5 days, and the diluted extracts of ZMC-0.2 GNP composite revealed more than 90% cell viability after cell culturing of 3 days, showing the satisfying cytocompatibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable Zn is a promising candidate material for orthopedic implant applications. Nonetheless, the inadequate mechanical strength and ductility of pure Zn limited its clinical application. In this study, Zn matrix composites (ZMCs) reinforced with 0.1-0.4 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were developed via powder metallurgy, and the reinforcing efficacy of GNP on their mechanical properties was investigated. The addition of GNP significantly improved the compressive properties of ZMCs, with the Zn-0.2GNP composite exhibiting the best compressive properties, including 123 MPa compressive yield strength, 247 MPa ultimate compressive strength, and 22.9% compressive strain. Further, the 12.5% concentration extract of the ZMCs exhibited no cytotoxicity after cell culturing for 5 d toward SaOS2 cells.

Prevalence and determinants of contraceptive method use among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age: a multilevel multinomial analysis.

BACKGROUND: Much scholarly debate has centered on Bangladesh's family planning program (FPP) in lowering the country's fertility rate. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of using modern and traditional contraceptive methods and to determine the factors that explain the contraceptive methods use. METHODS: The study used data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), which included 11,452 (weighted) women aged 15-49 years in the analysis. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with the contraceptive method use. RESULTS: The prevalence of using modern contraceptive methods was 72.16%, while 14.58% of women used traditional methods in Bangladesh. In comparison to women in the 15-24 years age group, older women (35-49 years) were more unwilling to use modern contraceptive methods (RRR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.21-0.37). Women who had at least a living child were more likely to use both traditional and modern contraceptive methods (RRR: 4.37, 95% CI: 3.12-6.11). Similarly, given birth in the previous 5 years influenced women 2.41 times more to use modern method compared to those who had not given birth (RRR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.65-3.52). Husbands'/partners' decision for using/not using contraception were positively associated with the use of both traditional (RRR: 4.49, 95% CI: 3.04-6.63) and modern methods (RRR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.15-4.17) rather than using no method. This study suggests rural participants were 21% less likely to utilize modern methods than urban participants (RRR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.94). CONCLUSION: Bangladesh remains a focus for contraceptive use, as it is one of the most populous countries in South Asia. To lower the fertility rate, policymakers may design interventions to improve awareness especially targeting uneducated, and rural reproductive women in Bangladesh. The study also highlights the importance of male partners' decision-making regarding women's contraceptive use.

Measuring Water Quantity Used for Personal and Domestic Hygiene and Determinants of Water Use in a Low-Income Urban Community.

There is a paucity of recent research on direct water quantity measurement for personal and domestic hygiene. We aimed to measure the water quantity used for personal and domestic hygiene and to explore the reasons and determinants for variation of water usage. We conducted this study from September 2014 to June 2016 in a low-income urban community in Dhaka. In 12 households, the team conducted a day-long bimonthly ethnographic observation for one year to measure the volume of water used per activity per person. They conducted 28 in-depth interviews to explore the reasons for changes of water usage. Participants used a median of 75 L (61-100) of water per capita per day (LCPD) and of this 75 LCPD they used a median of 39 LCPD (26-58) for personal hygiene. Women used less water than men. Individual and social norms, beliefs, and weather determinants determined personal hygiene. Water availability determined domestic hygiene (e.g., washing dishes, toilets and bathrooms). This study helps to elucidate a range of determinants of water usage of the participants from the participants' perspective. The quantity of water used for domestic and personal hygiene and its relationship to fecal-oral transmitted disease can be explored in future research.

Workplace Bullying and Violence on Burnout Among Bangladeshi Registered Nurses: A Survey Following a Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: To investigate burnout among Bangladeshi nurses and the factors that influence it, particularly the association of workplace bullying (WPB) and workplace violence (WPV) with burnout. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from 1,264 Bangladeshi nurses. Mixed-effects Poisson regression models were fitted to find the adjusted association between WPB, WPV, and burnout. Results: Burnout was found to be prevalent in 54.19% of 1,264 nurses. 61.79% of nurses reported that they had been bullied, and 16.3% of nurses reported experience of "intermediate and high" levels of workplace violence in the previous year. Nurses who were exposed to "high risk bullying" (RR = 2.29, CI: 1.53-3.41) and "targeted bullying" (RR = 4.86, CI: 3.32-7.11) had a higher risk of burnout than those who were not. Similarly, WPV exposed groups at "intermediate and high" levels had a higher risk of burnout (RR = 3.65, CI: 2.40-5.56) than WPV non-exposed groups. Conclusion: Nurses' burnout could be decreased if issues like violence and bullying were addressed in the workplace. Hospital administrators, policymakers, and the government must all promote and implement an acceptable working environment.