ABSTRACT
In Burkina Faso, several investigations have raised suspicions that hospital liquid effluents are the source of contaminants in porbeagle-culture products and surface water in urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic quality of hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the UHC Bogodogo (UHC-BOG), Yalgado Ouédraogo (UHC-YO), and the WWTS of Kossodo (WWTS-KOS). Thus, 15 samples of liquid effluents (five per site) discharged into nature were collected. Within the physicochemical parameters, the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, copper, iron, hafnium, silver, mercury, lead, and cadmium of these samples were determined using standard methods. The mean values of pH were 8.84 ± 0.42,8.06 ± 0.54, and 8.55 ± 0.53 for WWTS-KOS, UHC-BOG, and UHC-YO, respectively. Conductivity values were 1956.80 ± 81.30, 812.80 ± 45.22, and 956.00 ± 39.96 µS/cm, respectively. TSS were 338.20 ± 38.80, 45.00 ± 5.79, and 187.80 ± 27.58 mg/L, respectively. COD were 274.80 ± 20.46, 35.00 ± 5.52, and 139.80 ± 25.53 mg/L, respectively. BOD5 were 186.40 ± 68.68, 26.20 ± 4.82, and 81.80 ± 15.63 mg/L, respectively. Mercury values were 1.93 ± 0.38, 4.04 ± 0.38, and 14.37 ± 1.65 µg/L, respectively. Lead values were 434.70 ± 202.42, 310.50 ± 4.09, and 367.43 ± 94.01 µg/L, respectively. Cadmium values were 79.59 ± 19.48, 109.94 ± 8.43, and 80.26 ± 7.85 µg/L, respectively. Copper values were 27.66 ± 3.33, 30.84 ± 1.65, and 28.32 ± 2.36 mg/L, respectively. Iron was detected only on the STEP-KOS with an average of 71.01 ± 37.83 mg/L. Hafnium values were 50.27 ± 4.49 and 51.58 ± 4.61 mg/L for WWTS-KOS and UHC-BOG, respectively. Silver values were 34.26 ± 3.06 for WWTS-KOS. On the three sites, the differences found were significant (p < 0.05). Liquid hospital effluents from Ouagadougou discharged into nature on the whole do not compile with the Burkinabè normative values for the discharge of wastewater into the environment.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Wastewater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Burkina Faso , Wastewater/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Hospitals, University , Biological Oxygen Demand AnalysisABSTRACT
The emergence and spread of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacilli such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the production of carbapenemases is a global phenomenon. It threatens patient care and leads to therapeutic impasses. This study aims to genotypically determine the prevalence of the most frequent carbapenemase genes among multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from patients at a biomedical analysis laboratory. A total of fifty-three unduplicated E. coli strains isolated from patient samples with a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for carbapenem resistance genes. This study allowed us to identify fifteen strains carrying resistance genes among the fifty-three E. coli strains. All fifteen strains produced the metallo-ß-lactamase enzymes; this represents a rate of 28.30% of study strains. Among these strains, ten carried the NDM resistance gene, NDM and VIM genes were detected in three strains and VIM was identified in two strains of E. coli. However, carbapenemases A (KPC and IMI), D (OXA-48), and IMP were not detected in the strains studied. Thus, NDM and VIM are the main carbapenemases detected in the strains in our study.
ABSTRACT
Background: In Burkina Faso, suspicions have been raised that hospital liquid effluents are a source of microbiological contaminants in surface waters of urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic residues and the antibiotic resistance phenotype of potential pathogenic bacteria in the hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the CHUs Bogodogo, Yalgado Ouédraogo and the WWTS of Kossodo. Methods: Fifteen samples of liquid effluents discharged into nature were collected. Antibiotic residues were identified by HPLC. A wavelength of 254 nm for the UV detector was set. Antibiotic testing was realized according to CASFM 2019 recommendations. Results: Three molecules including Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Ceftriaxone were detected in 13 samples. The strains characterized were 06 E. coli, 09 Pseudomonas spp, 05 Staphylococcus aureus and 04 Salmonella spp. Thus, none of the strains was resistant to Imipenem, but they were resistant to Amoxiclav with rates of 83.33% (E. coli), 88.88% (Pseudomonas spp) and 100% (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp). Conclusion: Ouagadougou hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature are contaminated with antibiotic residues and potential pathogenic bacteria.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common bacterial species implicated in various types of infections including septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, meningitis and others pathologies. These involve several bacterial clones with multidrug resistance making them difficult to treat. The aims of this study was to perform molecular typing of E. coli strains using universal primer (GTG)5. In this study, 53 E. coli strains were collected from inpatients and outpatients. The test of antimicrobial sensibility was realized using CA-SFM /EUCAST method and strains were identified by conventional microbiological tests. The carbapenemase-producing strains were demonstrated by phenotypic method. Bacterial DNA was extracted by boiling method. (GTG)5-PCR was used for strain subtyping. The DendroUPGMA software was used for grouping of strains from the genetic fingerprints obtained by (GTG)5-PCR. RESULTS: Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Its strains showed resistance to at least three different families of antibiotics. Of this MDR strains, only one was a metallo-ß-lactamase producer. The dendrogram obtained using genetic fingerprinting allowed the E. coli strains to be grouped into 22 clusters (G1 to G22). CONCLUSION: The (GTG) 5-PCR assay enabled rapid molecular typing of E. coli strains. The strains of E. coli typed in this study would belong to different clones.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Infections , Escherichia coli , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria , Burkina Faso , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Hospitals , Humans , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Introduction: la qualité des farines infantiles utilisées pendant la période de diversification alimentaire est d´une grande importance. Malheureusement, les processus de transformation occasionnent des pratiques d'hygiène insuffisantes. L´objectif de cette étude était d´évaluer la qualité physico-chimique et microbiologique des farines infantiles locales vendues à Ouagadougou. Méthodes: les paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques ont été déterminés selon les méthodes standards. Les données ont été traitées sur Excel 2016 et les moyennes comparées sur XLSTAT 2016. Résultats: sur 102 unités de 20 marques de farines infantiles locales analysées, les matières premières de base étaient constituées par les céréales locales, les légumineuses, les enzymes, les minéraux et les vitamines. La teneur en eau variait de 1,92±0,01% à 5,51±0,03% tandis que le pH variait de 5,55±0,01 à 6,36±0,00. La flore totale variait de 2,4.102 UFC/g à 1,1.104 UFC/g, les coliformes totaux de 0 à 2,8.103 UFC/g, les coliformes fécaux de 0 à 5,3.102UFC/g et les levures et moisissures de 4 UFC/g à 1,1.103UFC/g. Aucune colonie confirmée de salmonelles et d´Escherichia coli n´a été détectée. Concernant l´évaluation microbiologique, toutes les farines à cuire ont présenté une flore aérobie totale, des Escherichia coli et des salmonella satisfaisantes, 64,71% ont présenté des coliformes fécaux satisfaisantes et 94,12% ont présenté des levures et moisissures satisfaisantes. Toutes les farines instantanées ont présenté des charges microbiologiques satisfaisantes. Conclusion: globalement, les farines infantiles locales vendues à Ouagadougou sont de qualité physico-chimiques et microbiologiques satisfaisantes à l´exception de quelques farines à cuire.
Introduction: the quality of infant flours used to support dietary diversification is of great importance. Unfortunately, transformation processes result in poor hygiene practices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of local infant flours sold in Ouagadougou. Methods: physicochemical and microbiological parameters were determined according to standard methods. Data were processed on Excel 2016 and the averages were compared using XLSTAT 2016. Results: out of the 102 units of 20 local infant flour brands analyzed, the basic raw materials consisted of local cereals, legumes, enzymes, minerals and vitamins. Water content ranged from 1.92±0.01% to 5.51±0.03%, while pH ranged from 5.55±0.01 to 6.36±0.00. Total flora ranged from 2,4.102 CFU/g to 1,1.104 CFU/g, total coliforms from 0 to 2,8.103 CFU/g, fecal coliforms from 0 to 5,3.102 CFU/g, and yeasts and moulds from 4 CFU/g to 1,1.103 CFU/g. No confirmed Salmonella and Escherichia coli colonies were detected. With respect to the microbiological evaluation, all the cooking flours showed satisfactory total aerobic flora, Escherichia ncoli and Salmonella, 64.71% showed satisfactory faecal coliforms and 94.12% showed satisfactory yeasts and moulds. All instant flours had satisfactory microbiological loads. Conclusion: overall, local infant flours sold in Ouagadougou are of satisfactory physicochemical and microbiological quality, with the exception of some cooking flours.
