Ten years psychosocial outcomes among adolescents following suicide attempts - early recurrence and psychosocial outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: A suicide attempt (SA) is a major risk factor of recurrent SA in adolescence and may be associated with psychological or social problems in the future. REPEATERS is a longitudinal study which examines the long-term psychosocial outcome of adolescents following attempted suicide. It focuses on the impact of early recurrence (i.e., within the first year of the index SA) - data which is, in fact, poorly documented. METHODS: Ten years after the index SA, a self-reporting questionnaire was sent to all adolescents who had attempted suicide and were followed up by the CHRU (Regional University Hospital Centre) de Nancy, France, between 1994 and 2003 and their parents. The purpose of this questionnaire was to assess psychosocial outcomes. Data concerning SA were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: After ten years, 146 of the 309 adolescents who had attempted suicide and were participating in the study had responded: 90% lived with a partner and 41% had children. The mean (SD) current emotional life of suicide attempt survivors scored 7.3 (2.3) on a scale of 0 to 10. Compared to the general population of the same age, responders felt more depressed than their peers (29% vs. less than 8% of males and 20% of females), had more suicidal thoughts (14% vs. 5%), and had more SAs (27% vs. 0.3%). Moreover, the risk of recurrence over the ten year period was associated with suicide recurrence in the first year after the index SA (odds ratio [OR]=2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1-4.9) and with a lower level of education at ten years (OR=0.37; 95% CI=0.19-0.45). CONCLUSIONS: Although a favorable outcome was reported ten years after the event for the majority of adolescents who had attempted suicide, some with a lower level of education were nevertheless at increased risk of recurrence and depression. Post-intervention strategies are therefore essential in order to evaluate risk factors which may persist if not taken into consideration.

Postgraduate training in surgery: From theory to practice.

INTRODUCTION: Postgraduate training is a time-honored entity, the goal of which was to develop and ensure the acquisition of new medical knowledge for the medical profession. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main goal of this retrospective study is to analyze the current situation of postgraduate training in surgical disciplines within the framework of the French Universities. We studied the legal texts found in the LéxisNéxis® and Légifrance® sites up until December 1, 2018; references were sought from the Web of Science repository. RESULTS: Postgraduate training in France is mandatory from the legal point of view. Currently there are two possibilities for validation of postgraduate training: either through a recognized continuing professional development (CPD) organization controlled by the National Agency of Continuing Professional Development (NACPD), or by asking for certification through an official accreditation council (AC) (one exists for each surgical specialty), controlled by the High Health Authority that can automatically provide the equivalence of passing through the NACPD organization. DISCUSSION: The continuing education process remains complex. It could well be modified in the near future by the creation of a new certification procedure. With regard to surgical education, whether it concerns the CPD or the accreditation process, the goal is to decrease patient risk and to be an integral part of the overall policy to decrease health care costs. The role of professional national counsels will be more and more important; this is an advantage for each of the surgical specialties. Nonetheless, from the regulatory viewpoint, the decree concerning the role of National Professional Councils has not yet been published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française (French Republic official journal) at the time of writing. CONCLUSIONS: Currently two systems are available for surgeons to comply with the 2016 legislative obligation of continuing education: CPD which is run by the NACPD, and the accreditation process, run by an AC and controlled by the HAS; in the first instance, surgeons can ask for reimbursement from the NACPD and in the second, request that the National Health Insurance Fund for Salaried Employees cover a portion of the litigation insurance premium. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective study: level of evidence IV.

Quantifying efficacy of investigation during a simulated psychiatric interview.

INTRODUCTION: Simulation is a very promising educational tool. It provides medical students with clinical experience without jeopardizing patients' health. This tool can be implemented in psychiatry training in order to develop interview and specific assessment skills which is why the Université de Lorraine relies increasingly on simulation in teaching psychiatry to its residents. However, there are few objective indicators in that field that make it possible to assess learners. This study aims to assess the relevance of a quantitative measure for objectivising the investigation efficiency by psychiatry residents of a suicidal risk during a simulated psychiatric interview. METHODS: A simulation exercise was offered to 20 psychiatric trainees from the Université de Lorraine. Their mission was to identify relevant information for assessing and guiding a standardized patient with suicidal risk during a psychiatric interview. The key judgemental criterion was the I2/Q ratio which corresponds to the squared number of relevant items collected by the interviewer divided by the number of questions. When dealing with emergency cases it is indeed important to collect as many key items in as little time as possible. This score was assessed by two examiners based on the analysis of filmed interviews. RESULTS: The mean I2/Q ratio was 1.13 (SEM±0.2) and ranged between 0.25 and 2.86. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between I2/Q ratio and students' clinical experience (R=0.46, P=0.04). The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the I2/Q ratio between the two examiners was 0.94. CONCLUSION: I2/Q ratio may provide a consistent quantitative measure of a student's efficiency in assessing suicidal risk. Further research is now needed to evaluate its consistency in other clinical cases.

Methylphenidate-risperidone combination in child psychiatry: A retrospective analysis of 44 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Psychotimulant-antipyschotic combinations are frequently used in child psychiatry, but have been rarely described in the literature. METHOD AND PATIENTS: We propose here a retrospective study of 44 children who received the combination methylphenidate (MPH)-risperidone (RIS). The sample is composed of children who received either MPH (n=28) or RIS (n=16) as primary treatment. A vast majority of the children had a comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. RESULTS: For over 60% of patients, regardless of their initial monotherapy, bitherapy decreased the symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder, sleep disorders and anxiety. Concerning the safety of the bitherapy, a compensation effect on weight gain and appetite was respectively observed in 70% and 50% of patients. Even though iatrogenic tachycardia can be encountered with both drugs, it has never been reported when they are associated and we have reported a total of 3 cases in our study. We have also observed a case of dyskinesia resolved with the discontinuation of the treatment. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: MPH-RIS bitherapy appears to be particularly effective in ADHD with conduct disorder symptoms. Although tolerance may limit its use, the benefit/risk ratio seems favourable for a number of children.

[Ten-year psychosocial outcome of 29 adolescent suicide-attempters]. / Devenir psychosocial, dix ans après, de 29 adolescents suicidants.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the psychosocial outcome of adolescents admitted to the Nancy University Children's Hospital between the 1st January 1996 and 31st December 1996 following a suicide attempt, and the influence that the initial characteristics (personal, familial and social) of these patients can have on their long-term outcome. Defining prognostic factors for a long-term negative outcome in young suicide-attempters will enable us to focus our therapeutic approach on long-term prevention, as opposed to simple crisis management. METHODS: Longitudinal study conducted in 2006 on the basis of self-questionnaires distributed to former patients and their parents. The self-questionnaires consisted of 39 questions: 22 questions requiring yes/no answers and 12 open questions, 11 of which required a quantitative or objective answer (for example, level of education, number of cigarettes consumed, etc.), and one of which required a subjective answer (concerning perceived improvements in care received), and five satisfaction scales graded from 1 to 10 for the different parameters considered, on which responders were asked to make a cross. The questions were grouped into three main categories: family life, professional status and education, and finally physical and mental health. Patients were also asked to answer a second self-questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), which provides an objective assessment of psychological well-being. Composed of 20 items (16 presented in negative form and four in positive form), this test measures the frequency of symptoms experienced in the past week. Symptom frequency is graded from 0 to 3; possible scores therefore range from 0 to 60. In France for adults, the depression threshold is considered to be 17 in men and 23 in women. The data collected from the different self-questionnaires was then cross-matched with the personal, familial and social characteristics recorded in the former patients' medical and social case notes, taken at the time of their suicide attempt in 1996. RESULTS: It was possible to trace 67.2% of the former patients and 67.4% of these answered the questionnaires, i.e. 45.3% of the initial population. The psychosocial outcome of the former patients in our study was quite encouraging, with over three quarters of former suicide-attempters stating they were happy in their personal lives, and more than half of the 65.5% actually working considering themselves to be satisfied or very satisfied with their professional lives. In addition, 66.7% of responders did not report any particular psychiatric problem. However, one patient completed suicide in the course of 1996. 17.2% of the former patients responding to the questionnaire reported a chronic psychiatric condition, sometimes accompanied by repeated suicide attempts, and 13.8% situated themselves somewhere in between. Learning difficulties and falling behind at school were evidenced as risk factors for recurrence, and personal psychiatric antecedents were evidenced as factors for poor psychosocial outcome. However, other factors, such as personal suicide attempt antecedents, were not evidenced as risk factors for poor psychosocial outcome. CONCLUSION: The psychosocial outcome of the former patients in our study was quite encouraging. Suicide-attempters who relapsed, those who had had more school difficulties, and those who experienced a less favourable ten-year psychosocial outcome, had more personal psychiatric antecedents.

Plasma cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol synthesis during refeeding in anorexia nervosa.

Normal or high levels of cholesterol have been measured in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Given that cholesterol intake in AN is usually very low, the reasons for this anomaly are not clearly understood. We studied lipid and lipoprotein profiles and endogenous cholesterol synthesis, estimated by serum lathosterol, in a population of 14 girls with AN, before and during a period of 30 days refeeding. The initial body mass index (BMI) of the patients was 13.41+/-1.62 kg/m(2). No changes were observed during refeeding in endocrine parameters (ACTH, cortisol and estradiol). At Day 0 the lipids data measured here showed normal levels of triglycerides, and total cholesterol at the upper limits of the normal range (5.44+/-1 mmol/l). At this time, total and LDL cholesterol were negatively correlated with transthyretin and BMI. Serum lathosterol (a precursor in cholesterol synthesis pathway) increased significantly (5.99+/-1.75 (Day 0) vs. 8.39+/-2.96 (Day 30); P=0.02) while there was a significant decrease in apo B (0.79+/-0.33 (Day 0) vs. 0. 60+/-0.17 g/l (Day 30), P=0.02) with refeeding. Thus, patients with initial high cholesterol levels have the worst nutritional status and high cholesterol levels are not related to a de novo synthesis. This profile returns to normal with refeeding. An increase of cellular cholesterol uptake may be responsible for this apparently paradoxical evolution with increase of cholesterol synthesis and decrease of apo B during renutrition.