ABSTRACT
Progress in the study of Covid-19 disease in rodents has been hampered by the lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2; virus entry route to the target cell) affinities for the virus spike proteins across species. Therefore, we sought to determine whether a modified protocol of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats can mimic both cell signalling pathways as well as severe disease phenotypes of Covid-19 disease. Rats were injected via intratracheal (IT) instillation with either 15 mg/kg of LPS (model group) or saline (control group) before being killed after 3 days. A severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like effect was observed in the model group as demonstrated by the development of a "cytokine storm" (>2.7 fold increase in blood levels of IL-6, IL-17A, GM-CSF, and TNF-α), high blood ferritin, demonstrable coagulopathy, including elevated D-dimer (approximately 10-fold increase), PAI-1, PT, and APTT (p < 0.0001). In addition, LPS increased the expression of lung angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R)-JAK-STAT axis (>4 fold increase). Chest imaging revealed bilateral small patchy opacities of the lungs. Severe lung injury was noted by the presence of both, alveolar collapse and haemorrhage, desquamation of epithelial cells in the airway lumen, infiltration of inflammatory cells (CD45+ leukocytes), widespread thickening of the interalveolar septa, and ultrastructural alterations similar to Covid-19. Thus, these findings demonstrate that IT injection of 15 mg/kg LPS into rats, induced an AT1R/JAK/STAT-mediated cytokine storm with resultant pneumonia and coagulopathy that was commensurate with moderate and severe Covid-19 disease noted in humans.
Subject(s)
Acute Lung Injury/etiology , Blood Coagulation Disorders/etiology , COVID-19/pathology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology , Hemorrhage/etiology , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , Lung Diseases/etiology , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism , STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Acute Lung Injury/pathology , Animals , Blood Coagulation Disorders/pathology , COVID-19/etiology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Hemorrhage/pathology , Janus Kinases , Lung Diseases/pathology , Male , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Kidney injury secondary to diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure. We sought to determine whether pretreatment with the insulin-sensitizing drug metformin prior to the induction of diabetes can protect the kidney against the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Rats were either injected with vehicle (control group) or with a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) two weeks after being fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) (model group) and continued on HFD until being sacrificed 10 weeks post diabetic induction. The protective group that also fed on a HFD for 12 weeks was put on metformin (200 mg/kg/day) two weeks before STZ injection and continued on metformin until the sacrifice day. Harvested kidney tissues were examined by light microscopy after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Blood samples were assayed for sugar, urea, creatinine, and biomarkers of inflammation. Compared to a normal tissue histology in the control group, there was a profound damage to the kidney in the model group as demonstrated by markedly dilated capsular space, increased mesangial matrix expansion, congested blood vessels, and many tubular epithelial cells showing small pyknotic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm, which were significantly but not completely protected by metformin. Our findings also show that metformin significantly inhibited the inflammatory biomarkers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) induced by diabetes and HFD as well as significantly inhibiting blood sugar, urea, and creatinine. However, the levels of TNF-α, CRP, glucose, and creatinine in the metformin-treated group was still significant to the control group. Thus, we demonstrated an efficient but not complete protection by metformin pretreatment against DN induced by a combination of HFD and streptozotocin in rats.
La lesión renal secundaria a la diabetes es la causa más común de insuficiencia renal. Intentamos determinar si el pre tratamiento con metformina, un fármaco sensibilizante a la insulina antes de la inducción de diabetes, puede proteger al riñón del desarrollo de la nefropatía diabética (DN) inducida por una combinación de una dieta alta en grasas y estreptozotocina. Las ratas fueron inyectadas con el medio (grupo de control) o con una inyección única de estreptozotocina (STZ) (50 mg / kg) dos semanas después de ser alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) (grupo modelo) y continuaron en HFD hasta ser sacrificadas 10 semanas después de la inducción diabética. El grupo protector que también se alimentó con un HFD durante 12 semanas recibió metformina (200 mg / kg / día) dos semanas antes de la inyección de STZ y continuó con metformina hasta el día en que fueron sacrificadas. Las muestras de riñón se examinaron mediante microscopía óptica después de la tinción con Hematoxilina y Eosina y ácido peryódico de Schiff (PAS). Las muestras de sangre se analizaron para determinar niveles de azúcar, urea, creatinina y biomarcadores de inflamación. Comparado con una histología tisular normal en el grupo control, hubo un daño profundo al riñón en el grupo modelo como lo demuestra el espacio capsular marcadamente dilatado, el aumento de la expansión de la matriz mesangial, los vasos sanguíneos congestionados y muchas células epiteliales tubulares que muestran pequeños núcleos picnóticos y citoplasma vacuolado, que fueron significativamente pero no completamente protegidos por la metformina. Nuestros hallazgos también muestran que la metformina inhibe significativamente los biomarcadores inflamatorios, el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) y la proteína C reactiva (PCR) inducida por diabetes y DFH, e inhibe significativamente el azúcar en sangre, la urea y la creatinina. Sin embargo, los niveles de TNF-a, CRP, glucosa y creatinina en el grupo tratado con metformina todavía eran significativos para el grupo de control. Por lo tanto, demostramos una protección eficiente pero no completa mediante pretratamiento con metformina contra DN inducida por una combinación de HFD y estreptozotocina en ratas.
