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1.
Clin Nutr ESPEN ; 46: 394-404, 2021 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34857226

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The skeletal muscle anabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) appear favoured towards women; a property that could be exploited in older women who typically exhibit poor muscle growth responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we sought to generate novel insights into the efficacy and mechanisms of n-3 PUFA alongside short-term RET in older women. METHODS: We recruited 16 healthy older women (Placebo n = 8 (PLA): 67±1y, n-3 PUFA n = 8: 64±1y) to a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (n-3 PUFA; 3680 mg/day versus PLA) of 6 weeks fully-supervised progressive unilateral RET (i.e. 6 × 8 reps, 75% 1-RM, 3/wk-1). Strength was assessed by knee extensor 1-RM and isokinetic dynamometry âˆ¼ every 10 d. Thigh fat free mass (TFFM) was measured by DXA at 0/3/6 weeks. Bilateral vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies at 0/2/4/6 weeks with deuterium oxide (D2O) dosing were used to determine MPS responses for 0-2 and 4-6 weeks. Further, fibre cross sectional area (CSA), myonuclei number and satellite cell (SC) number were assessed, alongside muscle anabolic/catabolic signalling via immunoblotting. RESULTS: RET increased 1-RM equally in the trained leg of both groups (+23 ± 5% n-3 PUFA vs. +25 ± 5% PLA (both P < 0.01)) with no significant increase in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (+10 ± 6% n-3 PUFA vs. +13 ± 5% PLA). Only the n-3 PUFA group increased TFFM (3774 ± 158 g to 3961 ± 151 g n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 3406 ± 201 g to 3561 ± 170 PLA) and type II fibre CSA (3097 ± 339 µm2 to 4329 ± 264 µm2 n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 2520 ± 316 µm2 to 3467 ± 303 µm2 in PL) with RET. Myonuclei number increased equally in n-3 PUFA and PLA in both type I and type II fibres, with no change in SC number. N-3 PUFA had no added benefit on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), however, during weeks 4-6 of RET, absolute synthesis rates (ASR) displayed a trend to increase with n-3 PUFA only (5.6 ± 0.3 g d-1 to 7.1 ± 0.5 g d-1 n-3 PUFA (P = 0.09) vs. 5.5 ± 0.5 g d-1 to 6.5 ± 0.5 g d-1 PLA). Further, the n-3 PUFA group displayed greater 4EBP1 activation after acute RE at 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: n3-PUFA enhanced RET gains in muscle mass through type II fibre hypertrophy, with data suggesting a role for MPS rather than via SC recruitment. As such, the present study adds to a literature base illustrating the apparent enhancement of muscle hypertrophy with RET in older women fed adjuvant n3-PUFA.


Subject(s)
Resistance Training , Aged , Dietary Supplements , Exercise , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Muscle Proteins , Muscle, Skeletal
2.
Tunis Med ; 98(1): 8-16, 2020 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32395772

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Establishing the incidence and mortality data for stroke in the Blida region (Algeria) for 2018, through the setting up of a population-based register, was the objective of this study. METHODS: The World Health Organization criteria were used to define the stroke. Cerebral imaging was required to confirm stroke and its hemorrhagic or ischemic mechanism. The target population of the study was inhabitants of the region (wilaya) of Blida (Algeria) aged 25 and over. The ratios of overall incidence and mortality rates and age-specific stroke rates were considered to be relative risk (RR). The Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was the ratio of standardized rates. RESULTS: A total of 828 stroke were reported, 85.1% ischemic and 13.5% hemorrhagic. The first-ever strokes constituted 70.5% of the strokes for which the occurrence was documented. The overall incidence rate of stroke for 2018, regardless of mechanism and occurrence, was estimated at 130.3/100000. The corresponding standardized rate for age was 138.1/100000. The incidence rate among men (143.6/100000) was significantly higher than that of women (116.9/100000): RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71; 0.93). The median age of onset of stroke was 70 years. The case-fatality rate at 28 days was 22.1%. The overall mortality rate was 28.8/100000 while the corresponding standardized rate was 29.9/100000. The standardized mortality rate for men (34.5/100000) was significantly higher than for women (25.3/100000): SMR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54; 0.99). CONCLUSION: The setting up of a register for stroke in the Blida region has made it possible to quantify the risk of stroke, occurrence and death, and to alert about the burden of disease attributable to this health problem.


Subject(s)
Stroke/epidemiology , Stroke/mortality , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Algeria/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Mortality , Neuroimaging/methods , Neuroimaging/statistics & numerical data , Registries , Risk Factors , Stroke/diagnosis , Stroke/etiology
3.
Phys Rev Lett ; 117(8): 087401, 2016 Aug 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27588881

ABSTRACT

The Coulomb scattering dynamics in graphene in energetic proximity to the Dirac point is investigated by polarization resolved pump-probe spectroscopy and microscopic theory. Collinear Coulomb scattering rapidly thermalizes the carrier distribution in k directions pointing radially away from the Dirac point. Our study reveals, however, that, in almost intrinsic graphene, full thermalization in all directions relying on noncollinear scattering is much slower. For low photon energies, carrier-optical-phonon processes are strongly suppressed and Coulomb mediated noncollinear scattering is remarkably slow, namely on a ps time scale. This effect is very promising for infrared and THz devices based on hot carrier effects.

4.
Acta Physiol (Oxf) ; 213(3): 676-87, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25294097

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate how suppression of endogenous testosterone during an 8-week strength training period influences the activity of satellite cells and myonuclei. METHODS: Twenty-two moderately trained young men participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded intervention study. The participants were randomized to treatment with a GnRH analogue, goserelin (n = 12), which suppresses testosterone or placebo (n = 10) for 12 weeks. The strength training period of 8 weeks started after 4 weeks of treatment and included exercises for all major muscles. Biopsies were obtained from the mid-portion of the vastus lateralis muscle. RESULTS: Testosterone resting level in goserelin was 10-20 times lower compared with placebo, and the training-induced increase in the level of testosterone was abolished in goserelin. Training increased satellite cells number in type II fibres by 20% in placebo and by 52% in goserelin (P < 0.01), whereas the myonuclear number significantly increased by 12% in type II fibres in placebo and remained unchanged in goserelin (P < 0.05). No changes in satellite cells and myonuclei were seen in type I fibres in either group. Data from the microarray analysis indicated that low testosterone affects the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling, which might regulate proliferation vs. differentiation of satellite cells. CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of strength training enhances the myonuclear number in type II fibres, and this is largely blocked by the suppression of testosterone. The data indicate that low testosterone levels could reduce the differentiation of satellite cells to myonuclei via the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling pathway, resulting in reduced increases in lean leg mass.


Subject(s)
Goserelin/administration & dosage , Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects , Quadriceps Muscle/drug effects , Resistance Training , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/drug effects , Testosterone/deficiency , Adult , Age Factors , Biopsy , Double-Blind Method , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Male , Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/physiology , Quadriceps Muscle/growth & development , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology , Sex Factors , Testosterone/blood , Time Factors , Young Adult
6.
Acta Physiol (Oxf) ; 209(1): 26-33, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23710799

ABSTRACT

AIM: Exercise-induced adaptations of skeletal muscle are related to training mode and can be muscle fibre type specific. This study aimed to investigate heat shock protein expression in type I and type II muscle fibres in resting skeletal muscle of subjects with different training backgrounds. METHODS: Three groups of subjects were included: healthy active not engaged in any training programme (ACT, n = 12), resistance trained (RES, n = 6) and endurance trained (END, n = 8). Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis, and immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against myosin heavy chain I and IIA, αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70. RESULTS: In ACT and RES, but not in END, a fibre type-specific expression with higher staining intensity in type I than type II fibres was seen for αB-crystallin. The opposite (II > I) was found for HSP27 in subjects from ACT (6 of 12 subjects) and RES (3 of 6), whereas all subjects from END displayed uniform staining. HSP60 showed no fibre-specific expression. HSP70 displayed a fibre-specific expression pattern (I > II) in ACT (4 of 12), but not in END or RES. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the level of expression of the different HSPs in human skeletal muscle is influenced by muscle fibre phenotype. The fibre type-specific expression of HSP70 is influenced by resistance and endurance training, whereas those of αB-crystallin and HSP27 is influenced only by endurance training, suggesting the existence of a training-modality-specific action on the adaptive processes including heat shock proteins in human skeletal muscle.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Adult , Female , Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics , Humans , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Phenotype , Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism , Young Adult
7.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 23(6): 728-39, 2013 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22417199

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to study the effect of training volume on activation of satellite cells. Healthy untrained men were randomly assigned into two groups. The 3L-1UB group (n = 10) performed three-set leg exercises and single-set upper body exercises, and the 1L-3UB group (n = 11) performed single-set leg exercises and three-set upper body exercises. Both groups performed three sessions (80-90 min) per week for 11 weeks. Biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis and m. trapezius. The number of satellite cells, satellite cells positive for myogenin and MyoD, and the number of myonuclei were counted. Homogenized muscle was analyzed for myogenin and MyoD, and extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) was monitored for selected growth factor transcripts. Knee extensor strength increased more in the 3L-1UB group than in the 1L-3UB group (48 ± 4% vs 29 ± 4%), whereas the strength gain in shoulder press was similar in both training groups. The number of satellite cells in m. vastus lateralis increased more in the 3L-1UB group than in the 1L-3UB group. The number of myonuclei increased similarly in both groups. The messenger RNA expression of growth factors peaked after 2 weeks of training. In conclusion, increasing training volume enhanced satellite cell numbers in the leg muscle, but not in the upper body muscle.


Subject(s)
Back Muscles/anatomy & histology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology , Quadriceps Muscle/anatomy & histology , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Resistance Training/methods , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology , Adult , Back Muscles/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Exercise/physiology , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/genetics , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics , Male , Muscle Strength , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , MyoD Protein/metabolism , Myogenic Regulatory Factors/metabolism , Myogenin/metabolism , Myostatin/genetics , Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
8.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 112(5): 1773-82, 2012 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21901266

ABSTRACT

A single bout of high-force exercise has been shown to increase the muscle levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Here, changes in the levels of HSPs after 2 and 11 weeks of strength training with either one or three sets per exercise were examined. Fifteen young men (27 ± 6 years, 182 ± 8 cm and 82 ± 13 kg) were randomized to train either one set in lower-body exercises and three sets in upper-body exercises (1L-3UB), or three sets in lower-body exercises and one set in upper-body exercises (3L-1UB). Biopsies from vastus lateralis and trapezius were obtained before, during (2 weeks) and after 11 weeks of strength training (3 bouts per week). The biopsies were analysed for HSP27 (cytosolic and cytoskeletal fractions) and HSP70 and αB-crystallin (cytosolic fraction). No evidence for an effect of training volume (1 vs. 3 sets) on the HSP response was found. For all subjects combined, HSP27 [186 ± 69% (mean ± SD)], HSP70 (146 ± 51%) and αB-crystallin (184 ± 82%) increased in the cytosolic fraction of vastus lateralis after 11 weeks of training. In the trapezius, the only observed increase was for HSP27 in the cytosolic fraction after 2 weeks of training (149 ± 59%). However, the trapezius contained somewhat higher levels of HSP70 and αB-crystallin than vastus lateralis at baseline. The HSP27 levels in the cytoskeletal compartment did not increase significantly in either muscle. In conclusion, strength training resulted-independent of training volume-in elevated levels of HSP27, HSP70 and αB-crystallin in the cytosolic compartment of the vastus lateralis. In the trapezius, only the cytosolic HSP27 levels were increased with training.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Resistance Training , alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism , Adult , Biopsy , Blotting, Western , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Humans , Male , Quadriceps Muscle , Resistance Training/methods , Young Adult
9.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 21(6): 773-82, 2011 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21143306

ABSTRACT

There is strong evidence for enhanced numbers of satellite cells with heavy resistance training. The satellite cell response to very light muscle loading is, however, unknown. We, therefore, designed a 12-week training protocol where volunteers trained one leg with a high load (H) and the other leg with a light load (L). Twelve young healthy men [mean age 25 ± 3 standard deviation (SD) years] volunteered for the study. Muscle biopsies were collected from the m. vastus lateralis of both legs before and after the training period and satellite cells were visualized by CD56 immunohistochemistry. A significant main effect of time was observed (P<0.001) for the number of CD56+ cells per fiber (L: from 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.13 ± 0.03; H: from 0.12 ± 0.03 to 0.15 ± 0.05, mean ± SD). The finding that 12 weeks of training skeletal muscle even with very light loads can induce an increase in the number of satellite cells reveals a new aspect of myogenic precursor cell activation and suggests that satellite cells may play a role in skeletal muscle adaptation over a broad physiological range.


Subject(s)
Muscle Development/physiology , Physical Exertion/physiology , Quadriceps Muscle/growth & development , Resistance Training , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism , Adult , Biopsy , CD56 Antigen/analysis , CD56 Antigen/metabolism , Denmark , Humans , Male , Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism , Quadriceps Muscle/physiology , Young Adult
10.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 20(4): 600-8, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19706000

ABSTRACT

We aimed to investigate markers of oxidative stress and levels of endogenous and dietary antioxidants in 16 elite female soccer players in response to a 90-min game (average intensity 82+/-3% HRpeak). Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 21 h after the game. Plasma-oxidized glutathione, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) and lipid peroxidation measured by d-ROMs were used as markers of oxidative stress. Plasma endogenous [uric acid, total glutathione (TGSH)] and dietary antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and polyphenols) were analyzed using liquid chromatography and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Exercise induced an acute increase (P<0.05) in GSSG, uric acid, TGSH, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. In parallel, the GSH:GSSG ratio and polyphenols decreased (P<0.05). GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio, uric acid, TGSH, and ascorbic acid returned to baseline at 21 h, while polyphenols and alpha-tocopherol remained altered. Total carotenoids increased above baseline only at 21 h (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation, measured by d-ROMs, remained unchanged throughout the study. Thus, intermittent exercise in well-trained female athletes induces a transient increase in GSSG and a decrease in the GSH:GSSG ratio, which is effectively balanced by the recruitment of both endogenous and dietary antioxidants, resulting in the absence of lipid peroxidation measured by d-ROMs.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/analysis , Antioxidants/metabolism , Athletes , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plasma , Soccer/physiology , Female , Humans , Norway , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Sweden
11.
Rev Neurol (Paris) ; 166(3): 269-78, 2010 Mar.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19656541

ABSTRACT

Since the first consensus papers published early in the 2000s, a growing number of recent publications has shown that adapted physical activity is not only safe in the context of myopathy but also potentially effective as a therapeutic tool. After a short recall of the different exercise modalities, the mechanical strain they induce and the expected muscular benefits, the present paper reviews the different studies related to exercise therapy in myopathic patients and provides a critical analysis of the topic. Myopathies are rare diseases with many different etiologies and a large number of training modalities which could be useful for the different muscular challenges have been proposed. We have chosen to focus on several specific training modalities and to discuss the results from the most recent papers. The purpose of this review is to, firstly, update physical training guidelines for patients with myopathy and, secondly, highlight some common pitfalls associated with this strategy. This is particularly important for medical and allied professionals involved in prescribing and managing exercise therapy protocols.


Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy , Muscular Diseases/complications , Muscular Diseases/therapy , Contraindications , Exercise , Glycogen Storage Disease Type V/therapy , Humans , Mitochondria, Muscle/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Prescriptions
12.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 20(5): 740-7, 2010 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19765242

ABSTRACT

We investigated changes in a large battery of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in elite female soccer players following two 90-min games separated by a 72-h active or passive recovery. Blood samples were taken from 10 players before, within 15-20 min, 21, 45 and 69 h after the first game and within 15-20 min after the second game. The leukocyte count was analyzed, together with several plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, using a multiplex bead array system. After the first and second game, the total leukocytes and neutrophils increased significantly. Likewise, increases (P<0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), IL-17], chemokines [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8 and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)], anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, INF-α) and the mixed cytokine IL-6 were observed. Leukocyte and cytokine levels were normalized within 21 h. Active recovery (low-intensity exercises) did not affect the cytokine responses. A dampened cytokine response was observed after the second game as only IL-12, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8 and MIG increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, a robust pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response occurs after the first but not the second soccer game. The implications of the dampened cytokine response in female players after the second game are unknown.


Subject(s)
Cytokines/blood , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Soccer/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Exercise/physiology , Female , Humans , Leukocyte Count , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Young Adult
13.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 20(1): 39-48, 2010 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19765243

ABSTRACT

The decline in the neuromuscular function affects the physical performance and is a threat for independent living in later life. The age-related decrease in muscle satellite cells observed by the age of 70 can be specific to type II fibers in some muscles. Several studies have shown that different forms of exercise induce the expansion of satellite cell pool in human skeletal muscle of young and elderly. Exercise is a powerful non-pharmacological tool inducing the renewal of the satellite cell pool in skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle is not a stable tissue as satellite cells are constantly recruited during normal daily activities. Satellite cells and the length of telomeres are important in the context of muscle regeneration. It is likely that the regulation of telomeres in vitro cannot fully mimic the behavior of telomeres in human tissues. New insights suggest that telomeres in skeletal muscle are dynamic structures under the influence of their environment. When satellite cells are heavily recruited for regenerative events as in the skeletal muscle of athletes, telomere length has been found to be either dramatically shortened or maintained and even longer than in non-trained individuals. This suggests the existence of mechanisms allowing the control of telomere length in vivo.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology , Telomere/physiology , Aging/physiology , Humans , Hypertrophy , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Regeneration/physiology
14.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 19(6): 865-70, 2009 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18980606

ABSTRACT

This study has examined exercise capacity and muscle morphology in patients with different severities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-three patients and 12 healthy matched controls were recruited. Based on the severity of airflow obstruction, patients were divided into two subgroups. Exercise capacity was determined using a 6-min walk test. Muscle fiber composition, fiber area and number of satellite cells/muscle fiber were determined in muscle biopsies using immunohistochemistry. A progressive decline in exercise capacity was noted with ascending disease severity. Furthermore, a correlation between reduction in exercise capacity and changes in muscle fiber composition was observed in COPD. The group with severe and very severe COPD had a lower proportion of type I and a higher proportion of type IIa fibers compared with the other groups. In severe and very severe COPD, a reduction in fiber area of type IIa fibers was also seen. The number of satellite cells/muscle fiber did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, a decline in exercise capacity occurs already in mild and moderate COPD, indicating that the 6-min walk test is a reliable indicator of disease severity. Furthermore, changes in skeletal muscle morphology are associated with disease severity while muscle regenerative capacity is not altered.


Subject(s)
Exercise Tolerance/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Aged , Body Composition , Exercise Test , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Severity of Illness Index
15.
Acta Physiol (Oxf) ; 194(3): 215-22, 2008 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18489727

ABSTRACT

AIM: The role of HSP27 in the adaptive process of skeletal muscle to exercise, especially in humans, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate immunohistochemical changes in HSP27 expression in human vastus lateralis muscle following resistance and endurance exercises. METHODS: Two different exercise protocols were used: (1) one-leg ergometer cycling (EC, n = 6) consisting of two 30-min bouts at 40% and 75% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively, and (2) leg extension resistance exercise (RE, n = 9) including 10 sets of eight repetitions at a load corresponding to 70% of one maximal repetition (1RM). Immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the location of HSP27 protein in muscle biopsies from human vastus lateralis. RESULTS: Our results show that RE, but not EC, induced a significant appearance of scattered accumulations of HSP27 protein in muscle fibres from five of nine subjects. The number of fibres with accumulation of HSP27 in RE ranged from 0% to 32% with a mean of 6.3% of the total number of fibres. CONCLUSION: We conclude that this rapid HSP27 protein relocation after RE is an important player in the cellular remodelling of human muscle fibres in response to exercise involving high-force contractions, but not in response to endurance exercises.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism , Adult , Bicycling/physiology , HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/physiology , Humans , Male , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology , Physical Endurance/physiology , Quadriceps Muscle/physiology , Young Adult
16.
Br J Pharmacol ; 154(3): 522-8, 2008 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18414389

ABSTRACT

The popularity of testosterone among drug users is due to its powerful effects on muscle strength and mass. Important mechanisms behind the myotrophic effects of testosterone were uncovered both in athletes using steroids for several years and in short-term controlled studies. Both long-term and short-term steroid usage accentuates the degree of fibre hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle by enhancing protein synthesis. A mechanism by which testosterone facilitates the hypertrophy of muscle fibres is the activation of satellite cells and the promotion of myonuclear accretion when existing myonuclei become unable to sustain further enhancement of protein synthesis. Interestingly, long-term steroid usage also enhances the frequency of fibres with centrally located myonuclei, which implies the occurrence of a high regenerative activity. Under the action of testosterone, some daughter cells generated by satellite cell proliferation may escape differentiation and return to quiescence, which help to replenish the satellite cell reserve pool. However, whether long-term steroid usage induces adverse effects of satellite cells remains unknown. Testosterone might also favour the commitment of pluripotent precursor cells into myotubes and inhibit adipogenic differentiation. The effects of testosterone on skeletal muscle are thought to be mediated via androgen receptors expressed in myonuclei and satellite cells. Some evidence also suggests the existence of an androgen-receptor-independent pathway. Clearly, testosterone abuse is associated with an intense recruitment of multiple myogenic pathways. This provides an unfair advantage over non-drug users. The long-term consequences on the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle are unknown.


Subject(s)
Androgens/pharmacology , Doping in Sports , Testosterone/pharmacology , Androgens/adverse effects , Athletic Performance/physiology , Humans , Muscle Strength/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Receptors, Androgen/drug effects , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Testosterone/adverse effects
17.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ; 17(1): 34-42, 2007 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17305939

ABSTRACT

In addition to the well-documented loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging, there is evidence for the attenuating effects of aging on the number of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of satellite cells in elderly men and women to 12 weeks of resistance training. Biopsies were collected from the m. vastus lateralis of 13 healthy elderly men and 16 healthy elderly women (mean age 76+/-SD 3 years) before and after the training period. Satellite cells were visualized by immunohistochemical staining of muscle cross-sections with a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and counterstaining with Mayer's hematoxylin. Compared with the pre-training values, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the number of NCAM-positively stained cells per fiber post-training in males (from 0.11+/-0.03 to 0.15+/-0.06; mean+/-SD) and females (from 0.11+/-0.04 to 0.13+/-0.05). These results suggest that 12 weeks of resistance training is effective in enhancing the satellite cell pool in skeletal muscle in the elderly.


Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology , Muscle, Skeletal/cytology , Physical Education and Training/methods , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biopsy , Cell Count , Female , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Statistics, Nonparametric
18.
J Physiol ; 554(Pt 2): 559-69, 2004 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14578492

ABSTRACT

Muscle microvascularization is usually quantified in transverse sections, in absolute terms (capillaries around fibres, CAF, or capillary-to-fibre ratio, C/F) or as CAF related to fibre area (CAF/area, CAFA). The capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange ratio (CFPE) has been introduced in order to assess the role of the capillary-to-fibre interface in resistance to O(2) diffusion. The ratio between the length of capillaries in contact with fibres and fibre perimeter (LC/PF) has also been used as an index for capillary tortuosity. The possibility of change in capillary tortuosity with endurance training was not considered in previous studies. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of 14 weeks of endurance training on muscle microvascularization, including microvessel tortuosity, in 11 elderly men (8th decade). Microvessels were analysed using the CD31 antibody. Together with the significant increase in peak oxygen exchange and citrate synthase activity, there was a significant increase in C/F. While CFPE and CAFA remained unchanged, an important finding was the clear increase in LC/PF (56%; P < 0.001) for a same sarcomere length. We also found a strong correlation between oxidative enzyme activity and LC/PF both before and after training. These results indicate that endurance training induces significant remodelling in the microvessel network in elderly men and that an increase in the degree of microvessel tortuosity would be an important mechanism of adaptation to endurance training.


Subject(s)
Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Physical Exertion/physiology , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Capillaries/cytology , Capillaries/physiology , Humans , Male , Microcirculation/cytology , Microcirculation/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/cytology , Statistics, Nonparametric
19.
J Rehabil Med ; 33(4): 162-9, 2001 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11506214

ABSTRACT

To compare training programs for women with trapezius myalgia regarding physical performance and pain, 102 women were randomized to strength, endurance, co-ordination and non-training groups. Before and after the intervention, static strength and dynamic muscular endurance in shoulder muscles were measured on a Cybex II dynamometer. Muscle activity in shoulder muscles was monitored via surface EMG. The signal amplitude ratio between the active and passive phase of repeated contractions indicated the ability to relax. Pain at present, pain in general and pain at worst were measured on visual analogue scales. After training, within group comparisons showed that the training groups rated less pain, and in the strength training group ratings of pain at worst differed from the non-training group. Using the non-training group as a reference, static strength increased in the strength and endurance training groups and muscular endurance in all training groups. The study indicates that regular exercises with strength, endurance or co-ordination training of neck/shoulder muscles might alleviate pain for women with work-related trapezius myalgia.


Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy , Neck Pain/prevention & control , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Shoulder Pain/prevention & control , Adult , Female , Health Personnel , Humans , Linear Models , Multivariate Analysis , Muscle Contraction , Neck Pain/physiopathology , Occupational Diseases/physiopathology , Pain Measurement , Shoulder Pain/physiopathology , Tensile Strength , Treatment Outcome
20.
Acta Neuropathol ; 100(3): 253-8, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10965794

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of training on the structural characteristics of the trapezius muscle in women with work-related trapezius myalgia. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after 10 weeks of three different training programs (strength, endurance and coordination). Enzyme-immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess muscle fibre types, fibre area, capillary supply and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. There was an increase in the proportion of type IIA fibres in strength trained group (P < 0.05). Strength training elicited a preferential increase in the area of type II fibres (P < 0.05); both strength and endurance programs induced an increase in the number of capillaries around type I and IIA muscle fibres. Finally, all training programs induced a decrease in the proportion of COX-negative fibres. In conclusion, the trapezius muscle of women with neck and shoulder myalgia is characterised by a great potential of adaptation to physical exercise over a period of 10 weeks. The significant changes in the number of capillaries and the specific changes induced by training at the level of muscle fibres might well explain the improvement of muscle function.


Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy/methods , Neck Muscles/injuries , Neck Muscles/physiopathology , Neck Pain/rehabilitation , Occupational Diseases/rehabilitation , Shoulder Pain/rehabilitation , Adult , Capillaries/cytology , Cell Size/physiology , Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism , Female , Humans , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/classification , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Neck Muscles/pathology , Neck Pain/etiology , Neck Pain/physiopathology , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Shoulder Pain/etiology , Shoulder Pain/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome
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