[Lipid peroxidation in dog lung microsomes]. / Peroksydacja lipidów w mikrosomach pluc psa.

The changes in lipid composition of dog lung microsomes during Fe3+/NADPH-induced peroxidation and correlation between malondialdehyde production and polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption were investigated. It was shown, that microsomal peroxidation causes phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine content decrease, with concomitant increase in lysophosphoglyceride content. Malondialdehyde production intensity was correlated with arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid consumption. The changes thus observed, may be engaged in pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome.

[The estimation of platelet factor 3 activity in horses, cattle, sheep and pigs by the use of synthetic chromogenic tripeptide substrates]. / Oznaczanie aktywnosci czynnika plytkowego 3 u koni, bydla, owiec i swin przy uzyciu chromogennego substratu trójpeptydowego.

The aim of this study was to investigate the platelet factor 3 activity in platelet-rich plasma of horse, cattle, sheep and pig, by the use of chromogenic tripeptide substrate H-D-Phenylalanyl-Pipecolyl-Arginyl-p-nitroanilide. Among species examined the highest activity of this factor was stated in pig, the lowest one in sheep. Chromogenic substrate test was 10 times more sensitive that Stypven clotting time test. Thus, the use of chromogenic tripeptide substrate is fully valuable in platelet factor 3 activity estimation in domestic animals.

[Swine fetal membrane and myometrium lipids in ontogenesis]. / Lipidy blon plodowych oraz miesniówki macicy swini w ontogenezie.

Phospholipids and the levels of linoleic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in its particular fractions in amnion, allantois and myometrium in pigs during pregnancy were investigated. A permanent rise in linoleic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acid levels with advancement of gestation was observed. Eicosapentaenoic acid levels in such tissues, as well as the levels of above-mentioned acids in myometrium were greatly unchanged during the period thus analyzed. These results support the hypothesis that amnion and allantois are of great importance in prostaglandin biosynthesis during pregnancy in pigs.

[Lipids of pulmonary surfactant in the amniotic fluid of swine during ontogenesis]. / Lipidy surfaktantu plucnego w plynie owodniowym swini w rozwoju ontogenetycznym.

Phospholipids and fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol fractions of pulmonary surfactant isolated from pig amniotic fluid from the last trimester of pregnancy were investigated. The permanent rise in phosphatidylcholine and temporary increase in phosphatidylinositol contents in the two last weeks of pregnancy were observed. Phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio was increasing beginning from the 85th day of pregnancy. A rise in palmitic acid level in phosphatidylcholine fraction of surfactant was observed in the last two weeks of intrauterine life. It is suggested that these parameters may be useful in prenatal diagnosis of foetal lung maturity in pig.

[Ontogenesis of antioxidant enzymes in swine]. / Ontogeneza enzymów antyoksydacyjnych swini.

The activities of catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase as well as the levels of malondialdehyde during pig ontogenesis starting from 28 day of intrauterine life in some internal organs, foetal membranes and foetal fluids were investigated. The activities of enzymes thus investigated reached a peak in 2-day-old piglets. During foetal period as well as in 4-week-old sucklings and in mature pigs these activities were much lower. The activity of peroxidative processes was maximal in 2-day-old piglets as well. It is suggested that changes thus observed are correlated with general developmental processes.

[Prostanoid precursors in the liver, lung and kidney of swine during ontogenesis]. / Prekursory prostanoidów w watrobie, plucach i nerkach swini w rozwoju ontogenetycznym.

Phospholipids and the levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in particular fractions of phospholipids in pig foetal liver, lung and kidney during ontogenesis, were investigated. A permanent rise in dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acid content in phospholipid fractions of the above mentioned pig foetal internal organs was observed. In eicosapentaenoic acid level no changes were noted. These observations are parallel with increased prostanoid production during ontogenesis. The constant level of eicosapentaenoic acid supports the finding, that this acid does not convert to prostanoids in pig smooth muscle cells.

[Effect of cysteinyl leukotrienes on uterine strips from pregnant and non-pregnant swine]. / Wplyw leukotrienów cysteinylowych na skrawki macicy swin ciezarnych i nieciezarnych.

Cysteinyl leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 elicited concentration-dependent contractile response of pregnant and non-pregnant pig uterine strips during incubation in De Jalon solution in concentrations between 1 x 10(-9)M and 1 x 10(-5)M for LTC4 and LTD4, and between 1 x 10(-8)M and 1 x 10(-5)M for LTE4. The maximum contractions elicited by leukotrienes were 77.5 +/- 3.0%, 86.0 +/- 2.6% and 37.5 +/- 2.5% of these elicited by histamine 1 x 10(-5)M for LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, respectively. FPL 55712, leukotriene end-organ antagonist, antagonized the uterine contractile response to cysteinyl leukotrienes in dose-dependent manner. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism also antagonized leukotriene-induced contractions of pig uterus. Pregnant uteri were more susceptible to leukotriene action than non-pregnant uteri, and response increased parallelly with advancement of pregnancy. These results demonstrate that LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 possess significant uterine contractile activity in domestic pig, which may partially be mediated indirectly via cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism.

[Effects of nifedipine and verapamil on cysteinyl leukotriene-induced contractions of the sheep uterus]. / Wplyw nifedipiny i verapamilu na skurczowe dzialanie leukotrienów cysteinylowych na macice swini.

Both nifedipine and verapamil, the calcium channel blockers were tested to determine their anti-leukotriene properties in pig uterine strips. These drugs in concentrations ranging from 1.10(-7)M to 1.10(-5)M significantly attenuated the constrictor effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes in pig uterus. Thus, leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 are dependent upon Ca2+ for their myotropic activity, an action non-competitively inhibited by the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil.

Compensatory mechanisms in erythrocyte lipids in patients with atherosclerosis.

The quantitative composition of phospholipids and fatty acids of erythrocytes was investigated in patients with atherosclerosis. It was stated that the erythrocyte lipids of atherosclerotic patients contained smaller quantities of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, a significantly larger quantity of sphingomyelin, and higher sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. The existence of compensatory changes was stated, which was evident in the reduction of palmitic and stearic acids and the increase of linoleic and eicosatrienoic acids in erythrocyte phospholipids. These changes in fatty acid composition probably cause minimal changes in the membrane fluidity induced by an increased cholesterol/phospholipid and sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratios. This paper was the first evidence of occurrence of those changes in erythrocytes during spontaneous atherosclerosis in human.

[Lipids of the liver and aorta of rabbits fed with cholesterol before and after surgical exclusion of the terminal segment of the ileum]. / Lipidy watroby i aorty królików zywionych cholesterolem przed i po operacyjnym wylaczeniu koncowego odcinka jelita kretego.

The experiments were carried out on 15 rabbits od common breed in 3 groups, K--control, 1--unoperated and 2--operated. The weight of the animals before operation oscillated from 3.8-4 kg. Group 1 was fed with standard food with an addition of 4 g cristal cholesterol and 4 g of pork lard for 21 days. The animals in group 2 were fed similarly. This group was operated with 1/3 bypass of the caudal part of the small intestine. After 3 weeks the rabbits of both groups were killed. For biophysical and pathohistological investigations, sections of the right liver lobe, abdominal aorta and the small intestine were taken. Lipids of the liver and aorta wall were analysed chromatodensitographically. The results were statistically analysed and tabulated. In group 1, three times more lipids were found in the liver and about 2 times more in the aorta wall, than in group K. In group 2, the level of total lipids in the liver and in aorta wall was slightly higher than in the control. It was caused by TG and UF in the liver and by CE and UF in the aorta wall. Microscopic observations in group 1 showed diffused, vast multifocal undegenerative steatosis of the liver and considerable lipids infiltration without atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta wall. In group 2, steatosis of the liver was slight and it did not occur in the aorta wall. Normalization of the composition and distribution of lipids was observed in the liver lobules and aorta wall. Partial by-pass of the small intestine was in atrophy because of inactivity in the presence of a relative multiplication of mucocells.

The relationship between plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipids and lipid peroxidation products during human atherosclerosis.

Concentrations of plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipids and lipid peroxides in patients with atherosclerotic lesions of peripheral arteries, who were divided into groups according to the extent and intensity of the lesions, were estimated, as well as lipid peroxide levels in the arterial wall. Statistically highly significant increases of the estimated compounds were found in all groups in comparison with the controls. The existence of a positive correlation between the lipid peroxide concentration and other investigated components in plasma and between the lipid peroxide level in plasma and in the arterial wall was found. Possible mechanisms for lipid peroxide involvement in the process of originating atherosclerotic lesions are discussed.

[Histochemical localization of prostaglandin synthetase in various organs in swine and guinea pigs]. / Histochemische Lokalisation der Aktivität der Prostaglandinsynthetase in einigen Organen bei Schwein und Meerschweinchen.

The activity of prostaglandin synthetase was studied according to the histochemical method of Janszen and Nugteren (1971), in author's own modification, in the lungs, arteries and parotid gland of the pig and in the same organs of the guinea pig. Additionally, the seminal vesicles of guinea pig were subject to investigation. A high activity of this enzyme has been found in the endothelial cells of the arteries in both species and a lower activity in the non-striated muscles of the artery wall. A high enzymatic activity has been also observed in the epithelial cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and in the ductus parotidicus of the parotid gland in both species, as well as in the epithelial cells of seminal vesicles in the guinea pig. A weaker, but distinct activity, has been observed in the cells of vesicles of pig parotid gland, and in the cells of stroma of guinea pig seminal vesicles.

Isolation and identification of prostaglandins of the E and F series in testes and semen of lowland-black-white breed of bulls.

The prostaglandins of E and F series were obtained from testes and semen of sexually mature bulls of lowland-black-white breed. From 1 g of fresh testes tissue we obtained 7.01 X 10(-9) M prostaglandin of the F series (PGF) and 20.65 X 10(-9) M prostaglandin of the E series (PGE): from 11 of semen 3.28 X 10(-6) M of PGF and 10.58 X 10(-6) M of PGE were obtained as well. The prostaglandins thus obtained displayed biological activity in experiments on the isolated small intestine of the rabbit.

Occurrence and characteristics of sclerotic lesions in uterine arteries of sterile and multiparous pigs.

Sows and gilts of the Great White Polish (GWP) breed were classified into groups of 10 each: gilts 8 mo of age (A), sows over 1 yr old with an average litter size of five (BI) and eleven (BII), 2- to 3-yr-old sows with an average litter size of five (CI) and nine (CII), 4- to 6-yr-old sows with an average litter size of six (DI) and nine (DII). Gilts of group A were necropsied on d 10 of the estrous cycle while sows were necropsied 120 to 360 d postpartum. A blood sample obtained by vena cava puncture immediately before exsanguination was quantitated for total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, total lipid, triglyceride, high and low density lipoprotein and chylomicrons. Postmortem angiograms of the uterine vasculature were evaluated for occurrence of arteriosclerotic lesions of the arteries and their branches. Sections of blood vessels from areas of restriction were examined histologically and quantitated for lipids and proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme activities. With the exception of high density lipoproteins and chylomicrons, serum concentrations of various lipids increased (P less than .01) with age. Restrictions of the lumen were found in uterine arteries and their branches of most gilts in group A and in sows in groups B, C and D, irrespective of litter size. Histology of uterine artery revealed preatherosclerotic lesions in groups B through D. No relationship between the incidence and degree of sclerotic lesions and litter size was evident. However, the incidence and degree of sclerotic lesions increased with age and parity. Results from histopathology were supported by results from measurement of lipids and enzyme activities of the uterine artery wall. Conception rates of sows in groups C and D were lower than those of group B. Many of these sows (70%) failed to conceive during 1 yr even though they displayed normal estrous cycles.

Neutral lipids, phospholipids and higher fatty acids in bull's testes.

The lipid fractions were studied in the testicular tissue of mature bulls, of the lowland black-and-white breed. It was found that the main component of neutral lipids was cholesterol (48%) followed by triglycerides (24%), cholesterol esters (16%) and free fatty acids (12%). In cholesterol esters the main component was palmitic acid (41%) followed by oleic acid (22%), stearic acid (14%) and linoleic acid (14%). In phospholipids the main fraction was composed of lecithins (48%) followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (20%) and phosphatidic acids and phosphatidylglycerol (13%). Palmitic acid was found mainly in the fractions of lecithins and sphingomyelins, stearic acid in fractions of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. Linoleic acid was found in the fractions of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Arachidonic, docosatetraenoic and docosapentaenoic acids in the fractions of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine.

Coronary arterial disease and atheromatosis in breeding sows.

The reported investigations were carried out on old breeding sows belonging to the Big White Polish Breed (BWPB) which were compared with a control group of young female pigs before fertilization, belonging to the same breed. In the perinatal period the animals were examined for presence of chronic ischaemic heart disease by clinical methods and ECG. In the interoestrus period determinations were performed in the serum of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, total lipids and lipoprotein fractions. After killing the animals the heart and the coronary arteries were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Clinical examinations demonstrated coronary failure confirmed by ECG investigations. A correlation was found between hyperlipidaemia, particularly dyslipoproteinaemia, and advanced arteriomediosclerosis of the intramural vessels of the left ventricle, with selective, evident atherosclerotic changes in the left main coronary artery. Correlations and clinico-pathological interrelations are discussed between coronary failure, hyperlipidaemia and morphological changes in the left part of the heart.

[Lipids of the plasma, aortic wall and egg yolk of egg-laying hens after short-term feeding with atherogenic diet]. / Lipidy osocza krwi, sciany aorty i zóltka komórki jajowej kur-niosek po krótkotrwalym zywieniu dieta aterogenna.

In laying hens of the Cornish breed about 1,8 kg of body weight, which, beside being fed abundantly for 4 days, were given 1 g of cholesterol and 1 g of pork fat in a piece directly into the crop, attempts were made to determine the level of fat compounds in blood plasma, in the wall of the abdominal aorta, and egg cell yolk. The control group was kept in similar conditions, receiving a bare piece of food. Blood was taken on empty stomach from the heart on heparin. With the methods adopted the following were examined in the plasma: total cholesterol, triglycerides, total fat and beta-lipoproteins. After bleeding the birds, extracts from the aorta intima and media and maturing egg cell yolk balls were made by the method of Folch et al., and then they were analysed with thin-layer chromatography on silica gel (Kieselgel-Fertigplatten DC Merck). Following densimetric measurements, the results obtained were statistically analysed, tabled and plotted in chromatograms. In general, almost a double concentration increase in the total cholesterol and fat, triglycerides and beta-lipoproteins was observed in comparison with control group. In the aorta analysed chromatographically, the mean level of phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and ester cholesterol increased almost twice, and that of monoglycerides ten times. In egg cell yolk more than a double increase in the level of phospholipids, triple of monoglycerides and over triple of free cholesterol and fatty acids, over quadruple of triglycerides and over sevenfold of free cholesterol was observed. In this way it was found that in laying hens of the Cornish breed on intensive atherogenic diet a rapid and high increase in the concentration of the lipids studied occurred after 4 days, particularly in maturing egg cells, in which it exceeded many times the control values.

[Effect of atherogenic diet on the liver lipid level and development of aortic sclerosis in dogs]. / Wplyw diety miazdzycotwórczej na poziom lipidów watroby i na rozwój aortosklerozy u psów.

Metabolic efficiency of the liver of 16 dogs, mixed breed, sexually mature, of both sexes was studied in a lasting experiment. The animals were kept in cages without a run, divided into 3 groups - k, A6 and A12. They were fed an atherogenic diet for 6 and 12 months. Beside cholesterol pork fat and cholic acid, the diet contained metizol. Hepatic lipids were analysed by the method of thin-layer chromatography and densitometric measurements. The numerical results statistically verified have been given in mg/g of wet liver tissue taken from the right lobe, homogenized and extracted after the method of Folch et al. Pathomorphological changes in the abdominal aorta were evaluated macro- and microscopically. The magnitude of aortosclerotic changes was compared with mean values of hepatic lipids. The numerical values and the image of chromatographic distribution are shown in Table 1 and Figs 1, 2 and 3. After 6 month feeding, in group A6 the authors observed a considerable increase of hepatic lipids, preserved capability of cholesterol esterification and the occurrence of early atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. After 12 months, the level of lipids such as phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and free cholesterol increased. However, a turning point in the capability of cholesterol esterification was observed, which was expressed by a decrease of cholesterol esters. In the abdominal aorta developed atherosclerosis marked with 2 and 3 pluses was found. It is concluded that beside metizol and overloading highcaloric diet, lack of movement contributed to metabolic disturbances expressed by hepatopathy, hyperlipemia and aortosclerosis, which has a great influence in dogs on preservation of homeostasis of the organism.

[Effect of partial ileal bypass on the liver lipid level in dogs on an atherogenic diet]. / Wplyw chirurgicznego wylaczenia czesci jelita kretego na poziom lipidów watroby psów zywionych dieta miazdzycotwórczla.

An attempt was undertaken to find out to what extent a partial ileal bypass in healthy dogs fed for 6 and 12 months on overloaded atherogenic diet with an addition of metizol influences the level of lipids and the development of atherosclerosis of the aorta. For the investigations 16 mongrels, both sexes, from 2 to 5 years old were used. an unoperated, control group consisted of 6 dogs, which were fed on the atherogenic diet for 12 months. The dogs underwent a partial ileal bypass operation after Buchwald and Varco's method. When the dogs had recovered, 5 of them were on the atherogenic diet for 6 months, and 5 others for 12 months. After this period the animals were put to sleep. The isolated aorta was examined macro and microscopically. A segment of the right lobus of the liver was homogenized and from lg of a wet mass the lipids were extracted after the method of Folch et al. The level of lipids was estimated by thin-layer chromatography. The spots of the chromatograms were densitometrically analyzed and the results were statistically evaluated. In the control group the level of hepatic lipids in most components increased considerably. In the operated dogs and those fed for a long time, the level of these compounds decreased distinctly, especially in comparison with the control group, and was statistically highly significant in 1,3 - DG, TG and CE. The occurrence of statistically significant differences among the animals fed on the atherogenic diet for 6 and 12 months was not noticed. In dogs of both these groups other arteriosclerotic changes in the aorta were not demonstrated. During the experiment the animals felt well and their body weight did not change. No negative influence of the operation connected with the overloaded feeding of the level of hepatic lipids was observed. In both groups the above-mentioned level was near its norm.