ABSTRACT
Despite considerable gains in public awareness of dementia, dementia patients and their caregivers continue to be stigmatized. Previous work has explored stigma and burden among adult children of persons with dementia in Israel, but no similar data exist for spousal caregivers or caregivers in general in the United States. This study examines the differences in stigma and burden experienced by spousal and adult child caregivers and male and female caregivers of persons with dementia. Eighty-two caregivers were given the Zarit Burden Inventory Short Form (ZBI) and the Caregiver Section of the Family Stigma in Alzheimer's Disease Scale (FS-ADS-C). Scores on the FS-ADS-C and ZBI were positively correlated (r s = .51, p < .001). Female caregivers reported experiencing more stigma on the FS-ADS-C (t(80) = -4.37, p < .001) and more burden on the ZBI (t(80) = -2.68, p = .009) compared to male caregivers, and adult child caregivers reported experiencing more stigma on the FS-ADS-C (t(30.8) = -2.22, p = .034) and more burden on the ZBI (t(80) = -2.65, p = .010) than spousal caregivers. These results reinforce the importance of support for caregivers, particularly adult child and female caregivers who may experience higher levels of stigma and burden.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) has emerged as the most commonly administered measure of sustained attention, but use of discrepant versions reduces the ability of researchers and clinicians to accurately draw cross-study conclusions. In an effort to standardize use of the CPT, this study compared four versions of the Identical Pairs CPT for their reliability and ability to discriminate between patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. The relationship of performance on the different versions of the CPT with measures of psychopathology, functioning, and other aspects of cognition was also examined. METHODS: Performance on the 2-digit, 3-digit, 4-digit, and Shapes Identical Pairs CPT was assessed at three test sessions over five weeks, during which subjects also completed the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and questionnaires assessing psychopathology and functioning. RESULTS: All four CPTs discriminated between patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers, but there were no statistical differences in sensitivity among the versions. The 3-digit CPT showed non-statistical advantages in that it had high test-retest reliability, low potential for a ceiling effect, and a very low rate of false alarms. There were also moderate correlations between CPT performance and performance of the BACS subtests, but no significant correlations between CPT performance and measures of psychopathology and functioning. CONCLUSIONS: While all versions of the CPT tested here had good psychometric characteristics, the 3-digit CPT-IP has some advantages in repeated measures studies such as clinical trials.
