Anthocyanin and flavonol variation in bog bilberries (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) in Finland.

The flavonoids, anthocyanins and flavonols, in bog bilberries (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) were studied from 15 populations in Finland on a south-north axis of approximately 1000 km. Four anthocyanidin xylosides and 14 flavonol glycosides were tentatively identified by means of HPLC-ESI-MS. Twenty-five major flavonoids were quantified by HPLC-DAD. The averages (+/-standard deviation) in the contents of anthocyanins and flavonols were 1425+/-398 and 1133+/-290 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively. The most abundant anthocyanidin was malvidin, followed by delphinidin, petunidin, cyanidin, and peonidin. Quercetin was the major flavonol, followed by myricetin, laricitrin, syringetin, and isorhamnetin. Anthocyanins were mostly glucosides, whereas flavonols were mainly conjugated to galactose. The anthocyanin content in the berries from the south was the lowest. The delphinidin content was the highest but the proportion of malvidin the lowest in the north. The total flavonol content and the level of myricetin and quercetin were the highest in the north.

Characterization of anthocyanins in caucasian blueberries (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) native to Turkey.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with diode array (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detections were used to characterize anthocyanins in the berries of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. The dark purple-black berries were collected from five Caucasian blueberry populations in northeastern Turkey. The HPLC-DAD profile consisted of 19 anthocyanin peaks, but HPLC-ESI-MS revealed fragment ion patterns of 26 anthocyanins. Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin were all glycosylated with four different monosaccharide moieties (galactose, glucose, arabinose, and xylose) with the first two also conjugated with rhamnose. Furthermore, anthocyanidin disaccharides, tentatively identified as anthocyanidin sambubiosides, were characteristic for these berries. The mean content of the total anthocyanins was 1420 mg/100 g dry weight. The most predominant anthocyanidins were delphinidin (41%), petunidin (19%), and malvidin (19%). Glucose was the most typical (61%) sugar moiety. This study revealed that wild Caucasian blueberries contain an abundance of bioactive anthocyanins and thus are ideal for various functional food purposes.

Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland.

The berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L. are characterized by 15 anthocyanins. To study the variation in the anthocyanins on a south-north axis of about 1000 km in Finland, the berries from 179 individual bilberry plants in 20 populations were analyzed using an optimized RP-HPLC-DAD method. The mean content of the total anthocyanins was 2878 mg/100 g dry weight. There was extensive variation in the anthocyanin contents within and between the populations, suggesting differences in berry raw material. A significantly lower content of the total anthocyanins was observed in the berries of the southern region compared to those in the central and northern regions. Differences in the proportions of anthocyanins were also observed. The delphinidin glycosides dominated in the northern berries whereas the cyanidin glycosides were most common in the southern ones. Exceptional bilberry individuals were found mainly from eastern Finland with very low amounts of anthocyanidin glucosides. This is the first systematic study to reveal the extremely high variation in the content and distribution of anthocyanins in wild bilberries.