Monounsaturated fat-rich diet reduces body adiposity in women with obesity, but does not influence energy expenditure and substrate oxidation: a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an important and growing health problem whose treatment involves dietary changes. In this context, studying the role of macronutrients in weight loss is required in order to understand which strategies may be applied for weight loss. We aimed to evaluate the effects of diets rich in polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate oxidation, and weight loss in women with obesity. METHODS: Randomized, controlled, single blind, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted for 60 days. Participants (n = 32) were divided into three groups: G1= normocaloric PUFAs-rich diet (12% of total energy expenditure (TEE), 10% of n-6 and up to 2% of n-3); G2= normocaloric MUFAs-rich diet (15-20% TEE); and G3= maintenance of the usual diet. Anthropometric and metabolic variables (REE and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry) were evaluated. RESULTS: G2 decreased body weight (-1.92 ± 1.99 kg, P = 0.02), body mass index (BMI) (-0.69 ± 0.70 kg/m2; P = 0.02), waist circumference (WC) (-1.91 ± 1.82 cm; P = 0.02), and body fat (-1.14 ± 1.53 kg; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: MUFAs-rich diet reduces body weight, BMI, body fat, and WC. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02656940. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials: NCT02656940.

Profile of polyphenol intake by women with different classes of obesity: Consumption of these compounds does not reflect healthy eating.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate polyphenol intake in women with different classes of obesity and identify which are consumed more frequently and what the food sources are. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 114 women with obesity. The study evaluated polyphenol intake via a 3-d food record using Phenol-Explorer. Anthropometric, biochemical, and dietetic variables were evaluated. RESULTS: The women's habitual food intake was low calorie and adequate in macronutrients. Mean polyphenol intake by the group was 573 ± 490, 614 ± 475, and 379 ± 25 mg/d for class I, class II, and class III obesity (P = 0.002), respectively. The most frequent food or beverage consumed by the group was coffee and caffeoylquinic acid, its phenolic compound. Fruits, vegetables, and nuts contributed the least to the intake of polyphenols. CONCLUSIONS: Although the diets of the study participants did include some food sources of polyphenols, they were not of sufficient quality to significantly contribute to a healthy diet; instead, they sometimes were foods may have that contributed to weight gain. Women with class III obesity consumed the most calories; however, they had low fruit, vegetable, and whole foods intake.

Macro e micronutrientes na orientação nutricional para obesidade / Macro and micronutrients in nutritional guidance for obesity

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e tem se tornado uma epidemia em todo o mundo. Sua etiologia é multifatorial e o tratamento complexo, envolvendo dieta, exercícios físicos, fármacos e, em casos mais graves, cirurgia. De acordo com guias e consensos nacionais e internacionais para tratamento nutricional da obesidade, a distribuição dos macronutrientes pode variar de 35% a 65% do valor energético total (VET) para carboidratos, de 15 a 25% do VET para proteínas e de 20 a 40% do VET para lipídios. Em relação aos lipídios, verificou-se que os aspectos qualitativos são mais relevantes, com a redução na ingestão de colesterol, gorduras saturadas e trans e ênfase nos lipídios insaturados. É recomendando o consumo de carboidratos complexos e fibras dietéticas. Dietas restritivas não se mostram sustentáveis por longos períodos, mas podem ser úteis em situações específicas por um período limitado. Indivíduos obesos apresentam alta prevalência de deficiência de micronutrientes, inclusive antes da cirurgia bariátrica, devido a hábitos alimentares inadequados e outros fatores. O planejamento alimentar do indivíduo com obesidade deve ser flexível e individualizado e deve motivar práticas alimentares adequadas e saudáveis. Para maior sucesso terapêutico é fundamental associar a intervenção nutricional com a prática regular de atividades físicas. A adesão dietética e, consequentemente, o balanço energético negativo são fatores decisivos para a promoção da perda e manutenção de peso corporal.

Obesity is a chronic disease and has become an epidemic all over the world. Its etiology is multifactorial and its treatment is complex, involving diet, physical exercises, drugs and, in more serious cases, surgery. According to national and international guidelines and consensus for nutritional treatment of obesity, the distribution of macronutrients can vary from 35% to 65% of the total energy value (TEV) for carbohydrates, from 15 to 25% of the VET for proteins and from 20 to 40% of TEV for lipids. In relation to lipids, it was verified that the qualitative aspects are more relevant, with the reduction in cholesterol intake, saturated and trans fats and emphasis on unsaturated lipids. Increasing consumption of complex carbohydrates and dietary fibers is recommended. Restrictive diets are not sustainable for long periods, but may be useful in specific situations for a limited period. Obese individuals have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiency, even before bariatric surgery, due to inadequate eating habits and other factors. Food planning of the individual with obesity should be flexible and individualized and should motivate adequate and healthy eating practices. For greater therapeutic success, it is paramount to associate the nutritional intervention with the regular practice of physical activities. Dietary adherence and, consequently, negative energy balance are decisive factors to ensure weight loss and body weight maintenance.

Influence of the unsaturated fatty acids on body weight, glucose, and lipids metabolism in obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in PPARY2 gene / Influencia de los ácidos grasos insaturados en el peso corporal y en el metabolismo de la glucosa y de los lípidos en mujeres obesas con el genotipo Pro12Pro en el gen PPARY2

Background: The type of dietary fatty acid may have different effects on obesity and its complications, however, these effects can be influenced by genes and polymorphisms, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ isoform 2 (PPARγ2). Moreover, it is unclear whether the degree of unsaturation of the fat has different effects on lipid and glucose metabolism, and particularly the loss of body weight. Objective: To evaluate the influence of diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on anthropometric and biochemical variables in obese woman with genotype Pro12Pro on PPARγ2 gene on body weight, glycemic and lipemic profile. Methods: Eighteen obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in PPARγ2 gene were randomized into groups to receive a high PUFAs (PUFA-diet, n = 8) or MUFAs (MUFA-diet, n = 10) diets. Anthropometrics (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference) and biochemical variables (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides) were evaluated at baseline and after 45 days. Results: Anthropometric and biochemical variables were similar between groups at baseline and after intervention (p > 0.05). BMI decrease only in PUFA-diet (p = 0.01), probably due to the lower lipid content in this diet. MUFA-diet decrease fasting glucose (p = 0.03), insulin (p = 0.03), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Compared to PUFA, MUFA was more efficient to reduce the insulin resistance in obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in PPARγ2, even in high saturated fatty acids and total fat diet (AU)

Introducción: el tipo de ácido graso de la dieta presenta diferentes efectos sobre la obesidad y sus complicaciones, pero estos efectos pueden verse influenciados por los genes y sus polimorfismos, tales como los receptores activados por el proliferador de los peroxisomas isoforma γ2 (PPARγ2). Además, no está claro si el grado de insaturación de los lípidos posee diferentes efectos en el metabolismo de los lípidos y de la glucosa y, particularmente, en la pérdida de peso. Objetivos: evaluar la influencia de dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) y monoinsaturados (AGMI) en las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas en el peso corporal y el perfil glucémico y lipémico en mujeres obesas con el genotipo Pro12Pro en el gen PPARγ2. Métodos: dieciocho mujeres obesas con genotipo Pro12Pro fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente para una de las dietas, rica en AGPI (n = 8) o AGMI (n = 10). Las variables antropométricas (índice de masa corporal [IMC] y circunferencia de la cintura) y bioquímicas (glucosa, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol y triglicéridos) fueron evaluadas antes y después de un periodo de 45 días. Resultados: las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas fueron similares entre los grupos antes y después de la intervención (p > 0,05). El IMC disminuyó después de la ingesta de AGPI (p = 0,01), probablemente debido al menor contenido de lípidos. El AGMI redujo la glucosa (p = 0,03), insulina (p = 0,03) y HOMA-IR (p = 0,02). Conclusión: los AGMI fueron más eficientes para reducir la resistencia a la insulina en mujeres obesas con el genotipo Pro12Pro en el gen PPARγ2, aunque las mujeres presentaran una elevada ingesta de lípidos totales y ácidos grasos saturados (AU)

Influence of the body mass and visceral adiposity on glucose metabolism in obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in PPARgamma2 gene.

INTRODUCTION: Glucose metabolism may be altered in obesity and genotype for PPAR 2 can influence this variable. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of body mass (BM) and visceral adiposity (VA) in glucose metabolism in morbid obese women with Pro12Pro genotype. METHODS: Were selected 25 morbidly obese women. Groups were formed according to body mass index (BMI) [G1: 40-45 kg/m² (n = 17); G2: > 45 kg/m² (n = 8)]. Anthropometric, glycemia and insulinemia assessments (fasting, 60 and 120 minutes after high polyunsaturated fatty acids meal) were carried out. The insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) were assessed by HOMA-IR and QUICKI respectively. RESULTS: G2 had higher BMI and waist circumference, compared to G1, impaired fasting glucose, low IS and higher IR. The postprandial glucose was normal, but there was a higher insulin peak one hour after the meal in G2. CONCLUSION: Increased BM and VA were associated with worse glucose metabolism suggesting metabolic differences between morbid obese with Pro12Pro genotype.

Introducción: El metabolismo de la glucosa puede estar alterado en la obesidad y el genotipo del gene PPAR 2 puede influir en este variable. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la masa corporal (MC) y de la adiposidad visceral (AV) en el metabolismo de la glucosa en mujeres con obesidad de grado 3 con el genotipo Pro12Pro. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 25 mujeres con obesidad de grado 3. Se formaron grupos de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) [G1: 40-45 kg/m2 (n = 17), G2: > 45 kg/m2 (n = 8)]. Fueron hechas evaluaciones antropométricas, de la glucemia y de la insulinemia (en ayunas, 60 y 120 minutos después de la comida rica en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados). La resistencia a la insulina (RI) y sensibilidad a la insulina (SI) fueron evaluados por el HOMA-IR y QUICKI, respectivamente. Resultados: G2 tuvieron mayor índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura, en comparación con G1, peor glucemia en ayunas, baja SI y alta RI. La glucosa postprandial fue normal, pero hubo un pico de insulina más alto una hora después de la comida en G2. Conclusión: El aumento de la MC y de la AV se asociaron con peor metabolismo de la glucosa lo que sugiere diferencias metabólicas entre obesos de grado 3 con el genotipo Pro12Pro.

Influence of the body mass and visceral a diposity on glucose metabolism in obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in PPAR gamma2 gene / Influencia de la masa corporal y de la adiposidad visceral en el metabolismo de la glucosa en mujeres obesas con el genotipo Pro12Pro en el gene PPARGAMMA2

INTRODUCTION: Glucose metabolism may be altered in obesity and genotype for PPAR 2 can influence this variable. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of body mass (BM) and visceral adiposity (VA) in glucose metabolism in morbid obese women with Pro12Pro genotype. METHODS: Were selected 25 morbidly obese women. Groups were formed according to body mass index (BMI) [G1: 40-45 kg/m² (n = 17); G2: > 45 kg/m² (n = 8)]. Anthropometric, glycemia and insulinemia assessments (fasting, 60 and 120 minutes after high polyunsaturated fatty acids meal) were carried out. The insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) were assessed by HOMA-IR and QUICKI respectively.RESULTS:G2 had higher BMI and waist circumference, compared to G1, impaired fasting glucose, low IS and higher IR. The postprandial glucose was normal, but there was a higher insulin peak one hour after the meal in G2. CONCLUSION: Increased BM and VA were associated with worse glucose metabolism suggesting metabolic differences between morbid obese with Pro12Pro genotype (AU)

Introducción: El metabolismo de la glucosa puede estar alterado en la obesidad y el genotipo del gene PPAR 2 puede influir en este variable. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la masa corporal (MC) y de la adiposidad visceral (AV) en el metabolismo de la glucosa en mujeres con obesidad de grado 3 con el genotipo Pro12Pro. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 25 mujeres con obesidad de grado 3. Se formaron grupos de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) [G1: 40-45 kg/m2 (n = 17), G2: > 45 kg/m2 (n = 8)]. Fueron hechas evaluaciones antropométricas, de la glucemia y de la insulinemia (en ayunas, 60 y 120 minutos después de la comida rica en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados). La resistencia a la insulina (RI) y sensibilidad a la insulina (SI) fueron evaluados por el HOMA-IR y QUICKI, respectivamente. Resultados: G2 tuvieron mayor índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura, en comparación con G1, peor glucemia en ayunas, baja SI y alta RI. La glucosa postprandial fue normal, pero hubo un pico de insulina más alto una hora después de la comida en G2. Conclusión: El aumento de la MC y de la AV se asociaron con peor metabolismo de la glucosa lo que sugiere diferencias metabólicas entre obesos de grado 3 con el genotipo Pro12Pro (AU)