[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor producing undifferentiated carcinoma of urinary bladder: a case report].

A case of bladder cancer producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is reported. A 94-year-old woman with a progressive, grade 3 undifferentiated carcinoma, showed marked leukocytosis (maximum 29,780/mm3) with an elevated G-CSF (420 pg/ml). Immunohistochemical examination with monoclonal antibody specific for G-CSF revealed positive staining. Further examination for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and p53 were both positive and Ki67 index were 40.7%. These data suggested that this tumor had extremely aggressive growing nature, as the biological character is this.

[Clinical features of transurethral anterior sphincterotomy and urological management of patients with cervical spinal cord injury].

BACKGROUND: The ideal urological management for the patients with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) is to obtain catheter free urination and to prevent urinary tract complications. We have evaluated cases that had undergone transurethral anterior sphincterotomy from the view-point of the operative indications and the efficacy. METHODS: We carried out sphincterotomy 166 times on 133 male patients with CSCI in our Center. Before the operations were performed, all patients suffered from urinary incontinence, and they were unable to catheterize themselves for low level activity of daily life. Before and after the operation, their detrusor functions with sphincter reactions were assessed by urodynamic study. In principle we have followed up these cases by cystogram combined with cystometry, cystogram and excretory-pyelography or abdominal ultrasonography. RESULTS: In post-operative evaluations, more than 80% of cases attained hypotonic detrusor contractions and residual urine was significantly decreased. In long term follow-up, 96% of patients had obtained catheter free urination and about 85% of patients had no urinary tract complications, such as bladder deformity, vesicoureteral reflux, or hydronephrosis, with the exception of common unavoidable urinary infections. About 20% of cases had to be re-operated upon, and some cases showed hypertonic detrusor contractions or detrusor-sphincter-dyssynnergia during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The operative indications of sphincterotomy should be decided when the CSCI patients is unable to perform self-catheterization, and when due to the dysfunction of the urethral sphincter, these patients suffered from voiding difficulties or autonomic dysreflexia, or when the urinary tract complications might occur. In the majority of cases the aims of the sphincterotomy were achieved but some cases underwent another operation or had recurrent dysfunction of the urethral sphincter, indicating the need for careful follow-up.