Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Bacteria/drug effects , Disaccharides/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cell Wall/drug effects , Cell Wall/metabolism , Disaccharides/chemical synthesis , Disaccharides/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The objective was to investigate the ability of a glycosteroid (TC002) to increase the oral bioavailability of gentamicin. METHODS: Admixtures of gentamicin and TC002 were administered to the rat ileum by injection and to dogs by ileal or jejunal externalized ports, or PO. Bioavailability of gentamicin was determined by HPLC. 3H-TC002 was injected via externalized cannulas into rat ileum or jejunum, or PO and its distribution and elimination was determined. The metabolism of TC002 in rats was evaluated by solid phase extraction and HPLC analysis of plasma, urine and feces following oral or intestinal administration. RESULTS: The bioavailability of gentamicin was substantially increased in the presence of TC002 in both rats and dogs. The level of absorption was dependent on the concentration of TC002 and site of administration. Greatest absorption occurred following ileal orjejunal administration. TC002 was significantly more efficacious than sodium taurocholate, but similar in cytotoxicity. TC002 remained primarily in the GI tract following oral or intestinal administration and cleared rapidly from the body. It was only partly metabolized in the GI tract, but was rapidly and completely converted to its metabolite in plasma and urine. CONCLUSIONS: TC002 shows promise as a new drug transport agent for promoting intestinal absorption of polar molecules such as gentamicin.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Gentamicins/pharmacokinetics , Glycosides/pharmacokinetics , Intestinal Absorption , Taurocholic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Taurocholic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Gentamicins/administration & dosage , Gentamicins/blood , Ileum/metabolism , LLC-PK1 Cells , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Swine , Taurocholic Acid/administration & dosage , Tissue Distribution , TritiumABSTRACT
Hydrophilic drugs are often poorly absorbed when administered orally. There has been considerable interest in the possibility of using absorption enhancers to promote absorption of polar molecules across membrane surfaces. The bile acids are one of the most widely investigated classes of absorption enhancers, but there is disagreement about what features of bile acid enhancers are responsible for their efficacy. We have designed a class of glycosylated bile acid derivatives to evaluate how increasing the hydrophilicity of the steroid nucleus affects the ability to transport polar molecules across membranes. Some of the glycosylated molecules are significantly more effective than taurocholate in promoting the intestinal absorption of a range of drugs, showing that hydrophobicity is not a critical parameter in transport efficacy, as previously suggested. Furthermore, the most effective glycosylated compound is also far less damaging to membranes than the best bile acid absorption promoters, presumably because it is more hydrophilic. The results reported here show that it is possible to decouple absorption-promoting activity from membrane damage, a finding that should spark interest in the design of new compounds to facilitate the delivery of polar drugs.
Subject(s)
Cholic Acids/pharmacology , Drug Design , Ileum/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Calcitonin/pharmacokinetics , Cholic Acids/toxicity , Female , Gentamicins/pharmacokinetics , Glycosylation , Insulin/blood , Insulin/metabolism , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Vancomycin/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
A promising class of compounds for DNA transfection have been designed by conjugating various polyamines to bile-acid-based amphiphiles. Formulations containing these compounds were tested for their ability to facilitate the uptake of a beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid into COS-7 cells. Dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) formulations of some of the compounds were several times better than Lipofectin at promoting DNA uptake. The most active compounds contained the most hydrophilic bile acid components. The activity is clearly not related to affinity for DNA: the hydrophobic bile acid conjugates were found to form stable complexes with DNA at lower charge ratios than the hydrophilic conjugates. We suggest that the high activity of the best compounds is related to their facial amphiphilicity, which may confer an ability to destabilize membranes. The success of these unusual cationic transfection agents may inspire the design of even more effective gene delivery agents.
Subject(s)
Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology , Cations/pharmacology , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , DNA, Recombinant/metabolism , Polyamines/pharmacology , Transfection/methods , Animals , Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry , Cell Line, Transformed , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Chlorocebus aethiops , Drug Design , Genes, Reporter , Molecular Structure , Particle Size , Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry , Phosphatidylethanolamines/pharmacology , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We have designed novel glycosteroid-polyamines for transmembrane DNA delivery based on amphiphilic drug transport agents. These glycosteroid-based agents show promise as viable DNA delivery technology for gene therapy.
