[Epidemiologic study on urolithiasis in Mie prefecture. 2. Present status in 1988].

To determine the current status of urolithiasis in 1988, in comparison with that in 1985, we analyzed the 1937 patients of urolithiasis at 17 departments of urology in Mie Prefecture and 2 departments of urology in Wakayama Prefecture. The ratio of male to female patients was 2.6 to 1.0. Geographically, the number of urolithiasis patients was most frequently distributed in Matsusaka City. The frequency of urolithiasis in the urban area was almost the same as that in the rural area. Most of the stones (96.3%) were in the upper urinary tract. The frequency of lower urinary tract calculi tended to be high in southern Mie Prefecture. The ratio of the upper urinary tract calculi to the lower urinary tract calculi in the urban area was higher than in the rural area. The age distribution in males was in the forties, while that in females was in the fifties. The average age was 46.4 years old. The surgical treatment was performed in 671 patients (34.6%) and the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was the most frequent mode of treatment (85.0%), followed by cysto-lithotripsy (4.2%) and percutaneous nephro-uretero-lithotripsy (2.4%). The most frequent component of the urinary tract calculi was calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate (81.7%). The stone patient increased in the number during the summer season (July, August and September). In conclusion, in 1988 when the ESWL treatment started in Mie Prefecture, the epidemiologic features of urolithiasis was characterized as follows: the number of patients increased and the broad application of the ESWL treatment resulted in the decreased number of patients with spontaneous discharge and the increased number of patients with recurrent stones and with bilateral or multiple complex stones.

[Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Cholecalciferol Reference Standard for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 85.8 degrees C; UV and IR spectra were in agreement with both of the previous JP RS and USP RS of Cholecalciferol; absorptivity at 265 nm E1%lcm = 476; optical rotation [alpha]20D = + 110.1 degrees; no impurities were detected by TLC and HPLC analyses; assay 100.1% by HPLC against the USP RS. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Ergocalciferol Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Ergocalciferol Reference Standard for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 118.4 degrees C; UV and IR spectra were in agreement with both of the previous JP RS and USP RS of ergocalciferol; absorptivity at 265nm E1%lcm = 467; optical rotation [alpha]20D = 103 degrees; no impurities were detected by TLC and HPLC analyses; assay 100.1% by HPLC against the USP RS. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Prednisolone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Prednisolone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 901) for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 236 degrees C (decomposition); IR spectrum was same as that of JP RS of prednisolone acetate; absorptivity at 243 nm E1%lcm = 379; optical rotation [alpha]20D = +113.0 degrees; no impurity was detected by TLC, but a small amount of two impurities was found by HPLC analysis; assay by HPLC against the JP RS 100.2%. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Fluocinolone Acetonide Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences)].

Fluocinolone Acetonide Reference Standard (Control 901) for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 268 degrees C (decomposition); IR spectrum was same as the previous JP RS of Fluocinolone Acetonide; absorptivity at 237nm E1%1lcm = 363; optical rotation [alpha]20D = 105.7 degrees; no impurity was detected by TLC, but two impurities were detected by HPLC analysis; assay by HPLC against the previous JP RS 100.2%. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Methoxalene Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of methoxalene was examined for the preparation of the "Methoxalene Reference Standard". Analytical data obtained were as follows: ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 300, 249 and 218 nm; absorbance, E1cm(1%) (300 nm) = 559; infrared spectrum, same as that of USP Reference Standard of Methoxalene; melting point, 148 degrees C; thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected until 50 micrograms; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), no impurities were detected, water, 0.04%; assay, 99.9% by absorbance method and 100.4% by the HPLC method in terms of the USP Reference Standard. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Indocyanine Green Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of indocyanine green was examined for the preparation of the "Indocyanine green Reference Standard (Control 901)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: ultraviolet and visible spectrum, lambda max = 785, 394, 216 nm; absorbance, E1cm(1%) (785 nm) = 3239; infrared spectrum, same as Indocyanine Green USP Reference Standard; sodium iodide, 4.1%; thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected until 100 micrograms; high-performance liquid chromatography, 4 impurities were detected; loss on drying, 1.8%; assay, 103.4% against USP Reference Standard. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Retinol Acetate Reference Standard for Thin-layer Chromatography (Control 901) and Retinol Palmitate Reference Standard for Thin-layer Chromatography (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw materials of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate were examined for the preparation of the "Retinol Acetate Reference Standard for Thin-layer Chromatography" and "Retinol Palmitate Reference Standard for Thin-layer Chromatography", respectively. Analytical data obtained were as follows: thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected in retinol acetate and one impurities was detected in retinol palmitate; The Rf values of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate were consistent with those of Reference Standards (Control 713), respectively; ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 326 approximately 327 nm; relative extinction, within the range reported in JPXI; weight variation of capsules, retinol acetate 224.0 +/- 15.5 mg (RSD 6.9%), retinol palmitate 222.0 +/- 13.8 mg (RSD 6.2%); assay, retinol acetate 57000 I.U./g, retinol palmitate 57000 I.U./g. Based on the above results, these raw materials were authorized to be the Reference Standards of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Tolnaftate Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of tolnaftate was examined for the preparation of the "Tolnaftate Reference Standard". Analytical data obtained were as follows: ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 257 nm; absorbance, E1cm1% (257 nm) = 723; infrared spectrum, same as that of USP Reference Standard of Tolnaftate; melting point, 112.1 degrees C; thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected until 500 micrograms; high-performance liquid chromatography, no impurities were detected; loss on drying, 0%; water, 0.01%; assay, 100.4% by absorbance method and 100.1% by the HPLC method in terms of the USP Reference Standard. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Methylergometrine Maleate Reference Standard (Control 891) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of methylergometrine maleate was examined for the preparation of the "Methylergometrine Maleate Reference Standard". Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 181.7 degrees C; ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 313 nm; absorbance, E1%1cm (313 nm) = 181.3; infrared spectrum, 3406, 2962, 2928, 1645, 1574 cm-1; thin-layer chromatography, 6 impurities were detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, no impurities were detected; loss on drying, 0.02%; optical rotation, [alpha]20D = + 44.04 degrees; assay, 99.5% against Ergometrine Maleate Reference Standard (Control 755). Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Cyclandelate Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of cyclandelate was examined for preparation of the "Cyclandelate Reference Standard". Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 60 degrees C; ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 252, 258 and 264 nm E1%1cm = 6.1 (252 nm), 7.5 (258 nm), 5.9 (264 nm); infrared spectrum, 3454, 2948, 1730, 1453, 1202, 737, 695 cm-1; thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected until 1000 micrograms; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), one impurity was detected, loss on drying, 0.00%. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 891) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of riboflavin was examined for the preparation of the "Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 891)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 238.2 degrees C (decomposition); absorbance, E1%1cm = 859 (267 nm), 277 (372 nm), 327 (445 nm); infrared spectrum, same as Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 872); thin-layer chromatography, 5 impurities were detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, 11 impurities were detected; loss on drying, 0.25%; optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -133.6 degrees; solubility, less than 16 min; assay, 100.1% against Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 872). Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[d-Camphor Reference Standard (Control 901) and dl-Camphor Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw materials of d-camphor and dl-camphor were examined for the preparation of the "d-Camphor Reference Standard" and "dl-Camphor Reference Standard". Analytical data obtained were as follows: ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 257 nm; absorbance, E1%1cm(257 nm) = 723; infrared spectrum, 2956, 1742, 1045 cm-1; optical rotation, [alpha]20D = +42.9 degrees (d-camphor), [alpha]20D = -0.00 degrees (dl-camphor); melting point, 180 degrees C (d-camphor), 179 degrees C (dl-camphor); gas-chromatography, one impurity was detected in d-camphor and four impurities were detected in dl-camphor. Based on the above results, these raw materials were authorized to be the Reference Standards of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

[Potassium Sucrose Octa Sulfate Reference Standard (Control 901) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

The raw material of potassium sucrose octa sulfate was examined for the preparation of the "Potassium sucrose octa sulfate Reference Standard (Control 901)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: infrared spectrum, 3494, 1642, 1247, 1002, 795, 584 cm-1; high-performance liquid chromatography, 3 impurities were detected; water, 6.2%; assay of sucrose octa sulfate, 99.1%. Based on the above results, this raw material was authorized to be the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

Niacin catabolism in rodents.

Urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites in mouse, guinea pig, and hamster with a pharmacological amount of nicotinamide or N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) was investigated to compare them with those of rat. In mouse, nicotinamide N-oxide was the most abundant metabolite, accounting for 35% of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and followed by N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-Pyr), 20%; nicotinamide, 18; MNA, 16%; and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide (4-Pyr), 11%. In guinea pig, 2-Pyr was the most abundant metabolite, accounting for 80% of urinary excretion, and was followed by MNA, 11%; nicotinamide, 3%; 4-Pyr, 3%; and nicotinamide N-oxide, 3%. In hamster, nicotinamide was the most abundant metabolite, accounting for 44%, and followed by 2-Pyr, 21%; nicotinamide N-oxide, 15%; MNA, 10%; and 4-Pyr, 10%. Urinary excretion of nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid was not detected in mouse, guinea pig, and hamster. When a pharmacological amount of nicotinamide was intraperitoneally injected into mouse, the excretion of nicotinamide N-oxide increased to 79.7% of the nicotinamide metabolites, while those of MNA (4.9%), 2-Pyr (11.2%), and 4-Pyr (6.3%) decreased. Nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid were again not detected. When a pharmacological amount of nicotinamide was intraperitoneally injected into guinea pig and hamster, the deamidated metabolites nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid occupied significant percentages of the nicotinamide metabolites: 50.4% and 26.3%, respectively, in guinea pig; and 7.7% and 79.5%, respectively, in hamster. The ratio of 2-Pyr to 4-Pyr excretion did not change when nicotinamide or MNA was located into mouse, guinea pig, and hamster. From these results, the catabolism of nicotinamide in rodent is discussed.

A case of thymoma arising from undescended thymus. High uptake of Thallium-201 Chloride.

We present an unusual case of a cervical thymoma arising from an undescended thymus, which showed a remarkable accumulation of Thallium-201 Chloride on scintigraphy.