ABSTRACT
Historically, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was a critical aspect of the operative management of breast cancer. Recently, the role of ALND has been questioned, with postoperative morbidity possibly overshadowing patient benefit. Our objective was to quantitatively assess the long-term morbidity of ALND in patients with breast cancer. We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients being followed by the Breast Surgery Clinic at a university-affiliated urban hospital. Ninety-five patients with unilateral breast cancer who had undergone ALND were evaluated at routine follow-up visits in the latter half of 1998. A questionnaire was used to quantify the degree of subjective findings, including arm swelling, chest wall pain, decreased mobility, and weakness. Upper extremity strength, active range of motion, and circumference were measured. Overall, 70 per cent of patients had at least one complaint, with 18 per cent having moderate to severe symptoms. Twenty-one per cent had notable decrements in strength or range of motion, 9.3 per cent of patients required chronic compression garments for lymphedema, and 6.4 per cent changed their vocational status because of surgical morbidity. We conclude that adverse effects from ALND occur commonly. Objective findings are less common, perhaps causing clinicians to underappreciate postoperative morbidity. A significant subset of patients had enduring disability.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Lymph Node Excision/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Lymph Node Excision/methods , Middle Aged , Morbidity , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Neoplasm Staging/methods , Range of Motion, Articular , Shoulder Joint/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most important malignancy for women of the world's industrialized nations. It is second only to lung cancer in cancer-related mortality. Early detection is the best means of improving survival; the cornerstone of early diagnosis is mammography. Given the endemic nature of breast cancer, screening mammography has secured a routine place in health maintenance for women, although it is less than perfect. To aid in the diagnosis of malignant breast disease, other imaging modalities have evolved: ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and SMM. Scintimammography (SMM) is rapidly with a variety of applications for the management of breast disease. This technology has become a complementary modality to other conventional methods of breast imaging. This review will focus on the science behind SMM and how it is currently used in the management of breast lesions.
