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1.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 58(9 Pt 2): A55-60, 1987 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3675505

ABSTRACT

The effects of the tilt test (at 60-70 degrees for 20 min) and LBNP test (at -30 and -60 mm Hg for 20 min each) on the basic parameters of central circulation (15 test subjects) and coronary circulation (11 test subjects) were investigated. The study was performed using thermistor-equipped catheters implanted into the pulmonary artery and coronary sinus and Teflon catheters implanted into the brachial artery. In the study, the basic parameters of central circulation (pressure in the right atrium and pulmonary artery, transmural pressure in these compartments, cardiac index, stroke index, etc.) and coronary circulation (blood flow in the coronary sinus, left ventricle oxygen consumption, coronary resistance, etc.) were measured. Correlation between circulation variations and metabolic requirements was assessed (with respect to changes in acid-base equilibrium of blood). The effect of the tilt test and LBNP test on the basic parameters of central and coronary circulation, blood acid-base equilibrium and oxygenation was compared.


Subject(s)
Coronary Circulation , Decompression , Gravitation , Hemodynamics , Lower Body Negative Pressure , Posture , Acid-Base Equilibrium , Humans , Male , Space Flight
4.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 56(8): 741-7, 1985 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4038230

ABSTRACT

The effect of tilt (head-up and head-down) tests, LBNP tests, and 7-d head-down tilt (at -15 degrees) on coronary circulation was investigated in healthy male volunteers. Catheters were implanted into the coronary sinus and brachial artery. The Ganz catheter in the coronary sinus was used to measure volume flow in the area (constant thermodilution), pressure, and to withdraw samples of outflowing blood for biochemical analysis (acid-base equilibrium and oxygenation). Transfer from supine to upright body position, lower body negative pressure (-30 mm Hg for 20 min), as well as 15 degrees head-down (by day 5-6) produced similar changes in the basic parameters of coronary circulation-reduction of blood flow and oxygen consumption, decrease of pressure in the coronary sinus, and increase of coronary resistance. Transfer from head-up to head-down position caused opposite changes of the above parameters. The changes in coronary circulation were adequate for myocardial metabolic requirements since the biochemical composition of the outflowing blood remained essentially constant during the gravitational exposures described.


Subject(s)
Coronary Circulation , Decompression , Gravitation , Lower Body Negative Pressure , Posture , Adult , Blood Flow Velocity , Humans , Male , Myocardium/metabolism , Oxygen/blood , Space Flight , Vascular Resistance
6.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 53(6): 523-30, 1982 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7115237

ABSTRACT

The effect of lower body negative pressure, local negative pressure below the knee joint, and both pneumatic and mechanical occlusion cuffs at the upper third of the femur on central circulation, oxidative metabolism, and acid-base equilibrium of blood was studied on eight healthy male volunteers with doublelumen Swan-Ganz flow-directed thermodilution catheters implanted for 7 d into the pulmonary artery. The counter-measures against the adverse effects of weightlessness were used in two regimens: regimen I at -30, -50, +40 torr and regimen II at -60, -100, and +60 torr. The parameters were recorded in recumbency, during the head up tilt at 70 degrees for 15 min, and then during the head-down tilt at -20 degrees for 60 min. After the first 20 min of anti-orthostasis, the effects of the above countermeasures in the two regimens were investigated. The tile-induced changes in central circulation, those observed during application of the countermeasures, and the effect of different countermeasures were studied on a comparative basis. It was demonstrated that the highly informative method of implantation of catheters into the pulmonary artery can be successfully used in biomedical investigations of normal men.


Subject(s)
Blood Circulation , Decompression , Lower Body Negative Pressure , Posture , Weightlessness/adverse effects , Acid-Base Equilibrium , Adult , Blood Pressure , Cardiac Output , Catheters, Indwelling , Decompression/methods , Humans , Lower Body Negative Pressure/methods , Male , Oxygen/blood , Pulmonary Artery
9.
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med ; 13(3): 10-5, 1979.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-449260

ABSTRACT

The water-salt supplement developed in ground-based experiments in order to increase human tolerance to LBNP and orthostatic tests was recommended to be given to the crewmembers at the final stage of the second expedition of Salyut-4. On the 53rd flight day, concomitantly with an intake of 4.0 g sodium chloride and 900-1200 ml water, an LBNP test was carried out to assess the effectiveness of this supplement, to select its optimal doses and to clarify individual responses. After the intake both cosmonauts showed a better tolerance of the LBNP test. They also displayed individual variations in their responses, viz. the commander in arterial circulation, and the flightengineer in venous circulation. As suggested by the ground-based experiments and the inflight provocative test, both cosmonauts were requested to take 9.0 g sodium chloride and 1000--1200 ml water on the last flight day. The postflight examinations demonstrated that the countermeasures applied (physical exercises, LBNP) in combination with the direct action on the fluid-electrolyte metabolism gave a pronounced positive effect.


Subject(s)
Posture , Space Flight , Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects , Weightlessness/adverse effects , Adult , Drinking , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Homeostasis/drug effects , Humans , Male , Pressure , Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage , Time Factors , USSR
10.
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med ; 12(4): 13-7, 1978.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-682552

ABSTRACT

The kaliuretic function of the kidneys was studied in 12 healthy test subjects during the 49-day head-down tilting (--4 degrees). The results suggest that the selection of optimal exercises and dietary potassium intake may prevent changes in the potassium metabolism and the renal kaliuretic function both during bed rest and weightlessness as well as facilitate a rapid recovery of potassium homeostasis on return to Earth.


Subject(s)
Kidney/metabolism , Physical Exertion , Potassium/metabolism , Adult , Bed Rest , Chlorides/urine , Humans , Male , Natriuresis , Potassium/urine , Time Factors
11.
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med ; 12(3): 20-7, 1978.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-661204

ABSTRACT

The paper describes the effect of exercises, LBNP, controlled water and salt consumption, and drugs used as countermeasures against cardiovascular deconditioning during prolonged (2--7 weeks) head-down bed rest. Each of the above countermeasures applied separately had a limited effect. The use of a combination of exercises, LBNP and water-salt supplements at the final stage of the bed rest experiment made it possible to prevent entirely deterioration of work capacity and decrease of orthostatic tolerance of the test subject. The paper presents the scheme and regimens of the above countermeasures employed to meet the requirements of the flights of the orbital station "Salyut".


Subject(s)
Space Flight , Drug Combinations , Ephedrine/therapeutic use , Gravitation , Humans , Physical Exertion , Posture , Pressure , Restraint, Physical , Strychnine/therapeutic use , Time Factors , USSR , Water-Electrolyte Balance
13.
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med ; 11(5): 47-51, 1977.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-909273

ABSTRACT

The paper discusses the application of direct techniques to the study of circulation--catheterization of the heart and central vessels in biomedical experiments with the participation of healthy volunteers and during examinations of pilots, athletes, etc. The experiments showed high informativeness and reliability of the techniques and demonstrated their applicability to the study of gravity effects on the circulation and metabolism of different organs of healthy men as applied to aerospace and clinical medicine. These investigations allow clinical modelling of hemodynamic and metabolic changes that may develop in various organs and tissues in weightlessness, development of pathogenetically substantiated countermeasures against its adverse effects, formulation of certain requirements for artificial organs whose function should be as close as possible to that of natural organs of a healthy man. The paper presents the protocol and results of the first study of the effects of short-term simulated weightlessness on the circulation and metabolism of various organs of a healthy man: brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and musculoskeletal formations of the lower limbs.


Subject(s)
Blood Vessels/physiology , Cardiac Catheterization/methods , Catheterization/methods , Blood Circulation , Cardiac Catheterization/adverse effects , Catheterization/adverse effects , Gravitation , Humans , Male , Space Flight , Weightlessness
14.
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med ; 11(2): 64-8, 1977.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-850372

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the experiments was to evaluate electrostimulation and physical exercises as countermeasures against the adverse effects of diminished motor activity of man in space flight. Electrostimulation of muscles increased their strength and tolerance to static loads, prevented their atrophy; it did not, however, prevent the cardiovascular system deconditioning. Physical exercises used in combination with muscle electrostimulation maintained the cardiovascular system conditioning.


Subject(s)
Motor Activity/physiology , Movement Disorders/prevention & control , Muscles/physiopathology , Bed Rest , Electric Stimulation , Exercise Test , Humans , Male , Physical Education and Training , Physical Fitness , Time Factors , Weightlessness
15.
Life Sci Space Res ; 15: 199-206, 1977.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11958216

ABSTRACT

In 1975 the Soviet Union performed two manned flights on board the orbital station Salyut 4. The first mission of 30 days was flown by A. A. Gubarev (Commander) and G. M. Grechko (Flight Engineer) and the second mission of 63 days by P.I. Klimuk (Commander) and V.I. Sevastyanov (Flight Engineer). The present paper gives preliminary data on the general health and cardiovascular investigations of the crew members during and after flight. The clinical and physiological examinations of the cosmonauts showed that the work-rest cycles and counter-measures used helped to maintain their good health and high performance in flight, to alleviate adverse reactions and to facilitate readaptation post-flight. Medical results of the post-flight investigations revealed no changes that may detract from further increasing the duration of manned space missions.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Aerospace Medicine , Space Flight , Weightlessness Countermeasures , Weightlessness , Exercise/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Hemodynamics/physiology , Humans , Hypotension, Orthostatic , Lower Body Negative Pressure , Male , Rheology , Rotation , Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiology
16.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 47(10): 1083-6, 1976 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-985283

ABSTRACT

Physiological effects seen in eight test subjects during a 5-d bedrest experiment in the head-down position (0,-4,-8,-12degrees) were studied. It was shown that the antiorthostatic hypokinesia at -12degrees could reproduce physiological responses shown by space crewmembers more closely than recumbent bedrest. Our observations help to stimulate an acute stage of human adaptation to the weightless state and to assess the part played by gravity-induced blood redistribution in the development of physiological changes.


Subject(s)
Motor Activity , Posture , Space Flight , Weightlessness , Adult , Hemodynamics , Humans , Male
17.
Life Sci Space Res ; 14: 101-8, 1976.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12678102

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of the present investigation was to reproduce some physiological reactions in the sensory system which are similar to those observed during the first day of the adaptation to weightlessness. This was achieved by a 5-day bed rest experiment during which the test subjects were kept in the antiorthostatic position at angles of 0 degrees, -4 degrees, -8 degrees, -12 degrees. Our investigations allowed simulation of the acute stage of adaptation to weightlessness and assessment of gravity-induced blood redistribution in the development of the above physiological reactions.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Bed Rest , Fluid Shifts/physiology , Head-Down Tilt , Weightlessness Simulation , Adult , Blood Pressure/physiology , Exercise Test , Heart Rate/physiology , Humans , Illusions , Male , Motion Perception , Motion Sickness/physiopathology , Postural Balance/physiology , Retinal Vessels/physiology , Rhinitis/physiopathology
18.
Acta Astronaut ; 2(3-4): 241-6, 1975.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11887915

ABSTRACT

In a 45-day experiment test subjects were exposed to bed rest with their heads down at -4 degrees C. Twice a day their muscles of the stomach, back, femur, and shin were stimulated with electric current for 25-30 min. The value of muscle tension was close to their maximum voluntary contraction. The main objective was to prevent muscle atrophy and to maintain their trophic and functional state. Physiological measurements were carried out together with morphological, cytochemical, and biometric evaluations. The tissue removed during biopsy from M. soleus 7 days before the test and on the 30th hypokinetic day was used as substrate. Electrostimulation affected favourably the tone and strength of muscles as well as their static and dynamic endurance. Morphological studies showed a positive effect of electrostimulation on the muscle tissue, preventing the development of atrophic processes. During the first post-hypokinetic day orthostatic tolerance increased.


Subject(s)
Bed Rest , Electric Stimulation , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control , Weightlessness Simulation , Head-Down Tilt , Heart Rate/physiology , Humans , Male , Muscle Tonus/physiology , Oxygen Consumption , Physical Exertion/physiology , Pulse , Weightlessness Countermeasures
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